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Hardware Revision

Hardware Revision. Prerequisite to CA210. The Binary Language of Computers. Bit Byte Nibble Word Kilobyte (KB) Megabyte (MB) Gigabyte (GB). The Binary System. 0 = Off 1 = On. Parallel and Serial Devices. Electronic Bus. Bus System. The Three Stages of Computing. Input.

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Hardware Revision

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  1. Hardware Revision Prerequisite to CA210

  2. The Binary Language of Computers • Bit • Byte • Nibble • Word • Kilobyte (KB) • Megabyte (MB) • Gigabyte (GB)

  3. The Binary System • 0 = Off • 1 = On

  4. Parallel and Serial Devices

  5. Electronic Bus

  6. Bus System

  7. The Three Stages of Computing

  8. Input

  9. Processing 4

  10. Output

  11. Input / Output 6

  12. Support Hardware

  13. Chapter Summary • The three stages of computing are input, processing, and output. • Various components perform each stage of computing. • Some components perform both input and output. • Hardware support components help to ensure safe computer operation and efficient performance.

  14. The External Data Bus

  15. The CPU • Performs operations and decodes and executes instructions • Controls computer operation • Includes transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors

  16. Microprocessor Design • Three subsystems • Control unit (CU) • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Input/output (I/O) unit • Registers • Codes • Clock • Clock speed

  17. Memory

  18. How Microprocessors Work

  19. PC Microprocessor Developments and Features • Use the following elements to gauge CPU performance: • Speed • Transistors • Registers • External data bus • Address bus • Internal cache

  20. The Birth of the PC • 8086 and 8088 • 80286 • 80386 • 80486

  21. The First Pentiums • The Pentium (Series I) • Runs at 60 MHz to 200 MHz • Offers superscalar technology and on-board cache

  22. The First Pentiums (Cont.) • Pentium Pro • Pentium MMX • Pentium II • Celeron • Xeon • Pentium III • Pentium IV

  23. Possible Upgrade Scenarios • 8086/8088 • 80286–80486 • 80386SX • Pentium I • Pentium II • Pentium III • Pentium IV

  24. Inserting a CPU • Low-insertion-force (LIF) • Zero-insertion-force (ZIF) • Single-edge connector (SEC/slot 1)

  25. Chapter Summary • Understanding processor development and progress is essential. • The three key elements for measuring a CPU’s performance are its speed, address bus, and external data bus. • Several key CPU developments have occurred since the 80286 processor. • Today’s standard processor is the Pentium III chip. • Replacing a CPU is usually simple. • You must watch for electrostatic discharge (ESD) and pin damage when handling a CPU.

  26. Power Supply Connectors

  27. Chapter Overview • Computer Cases • Motherboards • ROM BIOS

  28. The Computer Case • The case helps contain electromagnetic interference (EMI). • Larger cases usually have more expansion capability and are easier to work with. • Smaller cases usually have less expansion potential and support fewer internal devices. • Cases with more features cost more. • You should never run a computer with an open case.

  29. Working with Cases Desktop Tower

  30. The Motherboard • Before replacing a motherboard, double-check all other components to verify that the motherboard is the problem. • Replace rather than repair a damaged motherboard. • Consider purchase and interoperability issues.

  31. Chip Sets • The chip set helps the CPU manage and control the computer. • The CPU must be compatible with the chip set. • Specialized chips control cache memory and high-speed buses. • Different chip sets have different on-board components. • On-board components might have fewer features than do expansion card versions.

  32. ROM BIOS Chips • Read-only memory (ROM) chips store basic input/output system (BIOS) data—even when the computer power is off. • The system BIOS prepares the hardware to run. • Classes of BIOS chips include: • Core chips • Updateable complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chips • Other chips with their own BIOS data

  33. Information Stored in the CMOS • Floppy disk and hard disk drive types • CPU type and speed • Random access memory (RAM) size • Date and time • Serial and parallel port information • Plug and Play information • Power-saving settings

  34. Updating CMOS

  35. Determining the BIOS Manufacturer • Watch the monitor when the computer boots. • Check the computer or motherboard manual. • Remove the computer cover and look at the chip. • Use a third-party utility program. • Cause an error that will launch the setup program.

  36. The Most Common Ways to Access BIOS Setup Programs • AMI: Press Delete when the machine begins to boot. • Phoenix: Press Ctrl+Alt+Esc, Delete, or F2 when requested. • Award: Follow the procedure for AMI or Phoenix.

  37. Main BIOS Screen

  38. Setup Screen for Hard Disk Drive

  39. Advanced Tab

  40. Security Tab

  41. Power Tab

  42. Maintaining CMOS • CMOS data can be lost for several reasons. • You should write down CMOS setup information or back it up. • Plug and Play devices include their own BIOS information.

  43. The CMOS Battery • Look for battery requirements on the motherboard or in the documentation. • Expect 2–7 years of battery life, depending on the type of battery. • Watch for battery failure indicators. • Replace the battery if a computer loses stored CMOS information more than once in a week.

  44. All Other Chips • Add-on boards may have ROM chips with their own BIOS data. • Device drivers could be required to provide BIOS support for hardware.

  45. Power-On Self Test • The power-on self test (POST) checks every primary device at startup. • Beep codes indicate problems before and during the video test. • Errors displayed on the screen typically indicate problems after the video test. • Errors can be fatal or nonfatal. • POST cards display codes that you can decode from the manufacturer’s manual.

  46. Chapter Summary • You should select a computer case for ease of use and expandability. • EMI can harm surrounding equipment. • Motherboards use different chip sets with differing capabilities. • ROM BIOS chips can be static or updateable. • A CMOS program accesses BIOS information stored in CMOS chips. • If you change hardware, you must update the CMOS to reflect changes. • A CMOS battery ensures that CMOS information is saved.

  47. RAM Packaging

  48. Cache Memory

  49. Chapter Summary • The two basic computer memory types are ROM (nonvolatile) and RAM (volatile). • RAM is packaged in a variety of designs. • Installing SIMMs requires ESD protection and careful handling. • Cache memory enhances performance. • Hexadecimal code simplifies binary code notation. • Memory allocation has been simplified under Microsoft Windows.

  50. Extended ISA

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