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Metabolism

Campbell Biology CH 8. Metabolism. 8.1-8.2 Metabolism & Energy. Learning Target: U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics. Metabolism includes. Catabolism Anabolism An organisms chemical reactions All of the above.

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Metabolism

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  1. Campbell Biology CH 8 Metabolism

  2. 8.1-8.2 Metabolism & Energy • Learning Target: • U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  3. Metabolism includes • Catabolism • Anabolism • An organisms chemical reactions • All of the above

  4. Metabolism = Sum of an Organisms Biochemical Reactions • Metabolic Pathway: U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  5. Anabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy. • True • False

  6. Catabolic pathways are ____, while anabolic pathways are ____. • Endergonic, Exergonic • Exergonic, Endergonic

  7. Catabolic pathways are ____, while anabolic pathways are ____. • Spontaneous, Nonspontaneous • Nonspontaneous,Spontaneous

  8. Catabolic pathways ____, while anabolic pathways ____. • Increase Entropy, Decrease Entropy • Decrease Entropy, Increase Entropy

  9. Metabolism = Sum of an Organisms Biochemical Reactions Catabolic Pathways Anabolic Pathways Synthesize Molecules Absorbs Energy … Endergonic Decrease Entropy Nonspontaneous Example: Photosynthesis • Break Down Molecules • Release Energy …Exergonic • Increase Entropy • Spontaneous • Example: • Cellular Respiration U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  10. Potential energy is • Energy of Position • Energy of Motion • Energy of Composition • Both A & B • Both B & C • Both A & C • All of the Above

  11. Metabolism & Energy Types of Energy Energy Transformation • Kinetic = energy of motion • Potential = energy of position or composition U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  12. The laws of thermodynamics state all of the following EXCEPT • Entropy of the system always increases • Entropy of the universe always increases • Energy can be transferred • Energy can be transformed • Energy is conserved

  13. Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st Law of Conservation • Energy cannot be createdor destroyed, only transferred or transformed. • How do we transfer energy? • How do we transform energy? U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  14. Entropy increases when • Gases diffuse • Energy goes to heat • Compounds are broken down • All of the Above

  15. Laws of Thermodynamics • 2nd Law of Entropy • Entropy of the universe increases. • Energy Moves Towards Heat • Molecules break down, gases diffuse, etc. U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  16. A reaction with a +G would be • Spontaneous • Nonspontaneous • Endothermic • Exothermic

  17. Gibbs Free Energy (Gsystem) • Free Energy = energy available in the system to do work • Change in free energy is related to enthalpy, entropy, AND temperature • Temperature in Kelvin U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  18. Spontaneity and Free Energy • Spontaneous Process = -Gsystem • Nonspontaneous Process = +Gsystem • can only be negative when there is a loss of free energy U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  19. Reaction Spontaneity & Stability U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  20. Free Energy & Metabolism Exergonic = Spontaneous Endergonic = Nonspontaneous U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  21. Equilibrium & Metabolism U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  22. Equilibrium & Metabolism U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  23. Equilibrium & Metabolism U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  24. Equilibrium & Metabolism • Metabolic Equilibrium = Death • Must continue to have inputs and outputs with change in free energy … free energy continues to enter biological systems AND prevents metabolic equilibrium. U3-1 Describe how metabolism abides by the laws of thermodynamics.

  25. 8.3 ATP Drives Endergonic Reactions • Learning Target: • U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  26. All cellular work cause spontaneous reactions to occur. • True • False

  27. All of the following are types of cellular work except • Diffusion Work • Transport Work • Chemical Work • Mechanical Work

  28. Chemical Work • Moves substances with the gradient • Moves substances against the gradient • Moves the cell using motor proteins or actin & myosin • Synthesizes molecules • Breaks apart molecules

  29. Mechanical Work • Moves substances with the gradient • Moves substances against the gradient • Moves the cell using motor proteins or actin & myosin • Synthesizes molecules • Breaks apart molecules

  30. Transport Work • Moves substances with the gradient • Moves substances against the gradient • Moves the cell using motor proteins or actin & myosin • Synthesizes molecules • Breaks apart molecules

  31. 3 Main Kinds of Cellular Work • IMPORTANT: ALL CELLULAR WORK PUSHES NONSPONTANEOUS REACTIONS TO OCCUR! • Chemical Work = synthesis reactions • Transport Work = moving substances across the membrane against the gradient • Mechanical Work = Motility • Motor Protein & Microtubule Movement • Actin & Myosin Movement (Contractile) U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  32. Energy coupling is when • Endergonic reactions occur • Exergonic reactions occur • An exergonic reaction drives and endergonic reaction to occur • An endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction to occur

  33. How do cells perform work? • ENERGY COUPLING!!! • Use exergonic processes coupled to drive endergonic processes • Must create a net -G • Most often use ATP U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  34. ATP is made of • Adenine • Ribose • Phosphate • All of the above

  35. ATP is a • Protein • Nucleic Acid • Lipid • Carbohydrate • None of the above

  36. ATP Structure U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  37. When ATP is used to do cellular work • Water is added • Water is removed • Dehydration synthesis occurs • Hydrolysis occurs • Both A & C • Both B & C • Both A & D

  38. ATP Hydrolysis U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  39. ATP synthesis is _____ and results in _____ kcal/mol of energy. • Spontaneous, -7.3 • Nonspontaneous, -7.3 • Spontaneous, 7.3 • Nonspontaneous, 7.3

  40. ATP hydrolysis is _____ and results in _____ kcal/mol of energy. • Endergonic, -7.3 • Exergonic, -7.3 • Endergonic, 7.3 • Exergonic, 7.3

  41. ATP & Free Energy ATP Hydrolysis & Synthesis How does this Model Relate? • ATP Hydrolysis: • Exergonic & Spontaneous • ATP → ADP + Pi • G = -7.3 kcal/mol @ standard state • ATP Synthesis: • Endergonic & Nonspontaneous • ADP + Pi → ATP • G = 7.3 kcal/mol @ standard state U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  42. For an endergonic reaction to occur it must be greater than 7.3 kcal/mol. • True • False

  43. How does ATP allow cellular work? • ATP + Endergonic Rxn = Net Exergonic Rxn • -GATP + GCoupledRxn = -GNetRxn • The endergonic reaction you are coupling must be less than 7.3 kcal/mol. U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  44. Chemical work requires ATP to bind to a(n) • Enzyme/Protein • Substrate

  45. When Pi binds to a substrate it is called phosphorylated intermediate. • True • False

  46. How does ATP allow cellular work? U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  47. Transport work requires ATP to bind to a(n) • Enzyme/Protein • Substrate

  48. Transport & Mechanical Work Powered by ATP U3-2 Explain the structure, function, and process of ATP and enzymes to drive biochemical reactions and metabolism.

  49. Making ATP is • Endergonic • Exergonic

  50. The process that couples with ATP synthesis is • Endergonic • Exergonic

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