Homework Review

1. Homework Review • Who is “the Wayfinder”? What kind of literary element is it? • Describe one Homeric simile from this section. • How does Odysseus become free of Calypso’s spell? • After he leaves her island, what happens to him?

2. pp 1037-1058: Calypso and the Cyclops Questions Review • Who is “the Wayfinder”? What kind of literary element is it? Hermes—epithet • Describe one Homeric simile from this section. A man in a distant field, no hearth fires near, will hide a fresh brand in his bed of embers to keep a spark alive for the next day; so in the leaves Odysseus hid himself, while over him Athena showered sleep… (ll 119-123, p 1042) • How does Odysseus become free of Calypso’s spell? Athena gets Zeus to demand his release, through Hermes • After he leaves her island, what happens to him? Poseidon crashes the raft and Athena and sea nymph help him to island of Scheria, where he falls asleep

3. Homework Review Continued • Whose son is the Cyclops? How does this explain Odysseus’ struggle to get home? • According to Greek customs, how should the Cyclops treat Odysseus and his men? How does he treat them? • What lie does Odysseus tell the Cyclops? Why? • Why didn’t Odysseus kill the Cyclops when he had the chance? • Who is the “shepherd with his flock”(line 330)? What literary element is this?

4. Homework Review Continued • Whose son is the Cyclops? How does this explain Odysseus’ struggle to get home? Poseidon’s; Poseidon dislikes Odysseus, so he gets his son to create an obstacle to his journey • According to Greek customs, how should the Cyclops treat Odysseus and his men? How does he treat them? He should give them food before even asking who they are—he does so first and then says he doesn’t care how the gods are offended at unwelcoming people—he then beat and ate two men • What lie does Odysseus tell the Cyclops? Why? That his ship was crashed, so that he wouldn’t go against them in that way • Why didn’t Odysseus kill the Cyclops when he had the chance? He was afraid that they would die in the cave since they wouldn’t be able to move the boulder • Who is the “shepherd with his flock”(line 330)? What literary element is this? Polyphemus, the Cyclops (epithet)

5. Homework Review continued • What name does Odysseus give the Cyclops? How does this help Odysseus later in the section? • Describe the irony from line 404. • How do Odysseus and his men escape? • Was Odysseus’ taunting of the Cyclops a good idea? Why or why not?

6. Homework Review continued • What name does Odysseus give the Cyclops? How does this help Odysseus later in the section? Nohbdy; he tells the other Cyclopes that nobody harmed him, so they don’t come to help him • Describe the irony from line 404. They make a “wise” reply, but they don’t truly understand the situation—he’s in pain, yet they let his answer turn them away • How do Odysseus and his men escape? They hide under the rams and get out when the Cyclops lets them out to graze • Was Odysseus’ taunting of the Cyclops a good idea? Why or why not? Probably not—Odysseus’ pride might lead to future difficulties in getting home

7. Poetic and Literary Elements • Epic Hero: The central hero of an epic, the epic hero has larger-than-life powers. Achilles fulfills this role in the Iliad; Odysseus in the Odyssey. Epic heroes are not perfect, but are courageous • Epithet—term or phrase accompanying or in place of name • "The man of twists and turns" ( Odysseus) • "wine-dark sea " • "The bewitching nymph" (Calypso) • "Son of Cronos" (Zeus) • "Cool headed" (Telemachus) • "Lord of the war cry" (Menelaus)

8. Poetic and Literary Elements (cont’d) • Imagery: Descriptions appealing to the five senses; helps the reader experience what he or she reads. A radiance as strong as the moon came flooding through the high roofed halls of generous Alcinous. Walls plated in bronze, crowned with a circling frieze glazed as blue as lapis ran to left and rightfrom outer gates to the deepest court recess and solid gold doors enclosed the palace. Up from the bronze threshold sliver doorposts rose with silver lintel above, and golden handles, too. And dogs of gold and silver were stationed on either side. • In Media Res- “in the middle” in Latin; technique where author starts telling story in middle and then goes back via flashback and fills in the events that happened before

9. Poetic and Literary Elements (cont’d) • Simile—comparison using like or as Weak as the doe that beds down her fawnsin a mighty lion's den - her newborn sucklings -then trails off to the mountain spurs and grassy bendsto graze her fill, but back the lion comes to his own lairand the master deals both fawns a ghastly, bloody death,just what Odysseus will deal that mob - ghastly death. • Flashback- when the narrative goes back in the chronology of the story to a crucial moment. • Personification—a nonhuman object is given human characteristics. ex: When "Dawn" arises with her "rose-red fingers". • Pun- A play on words based on similarity of sound between two words with different meanings (By giving Nobody as his name, Odysseus cleverly creates a pun for the unsuspecting Cyclops who shouts the Nobody is injuring him.)

10. Hero Cycle • Archetype—a recurring pattern of character, symbol, or situation found in the literature of all cultures • archetypal hero appears in all religions, mythologies, and epics of the world. • All archetypal heroes share certain characteristics. (Campbell)

11. Traits of a Hero (Campbell) • Unusual circumstances of birth; sometimes in danger or born into royalty • Leaves family/land &lives with others • An event, sometimes traumatic, leads to adventure or quest • Special weapon only he can wield • Supernatural help • Must prove himself many times on adventure • Journey and UnhealableWound • Hero experiences atonement with the father • When the hero dies, he is rewarded spiritually