Forging new generations of engineers

1. Forging new generations of engineers

2. History of Engineering

3. When did engineering begin? Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs?

4. When did engineering begin?

5. Who were the first engineers?

6. What were the first engineering designs (probably)?

7. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Probably occurred in Asia Minor or Africa 8000 years ago Change from nomadic life (hunter - gatherers) Rise of The Agrarian Society (agriculture) forms the basis of civilization cultivate plants - need increased food production defense –use lightsabers to battle enemies domesticate animals - for food and work build permanent houses in community group

8. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as: Engineering Farming Emergence of a class society Land ownership Rulers - to stabilize community life Foremen and Supervisors - organize work force Workers - to complete work Artisans - specialists in various technologies Artisans are considered the first engineers

9. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Methods of producing fire at will Melting certain rocklike materials to produce copper and bronze tools Development of a system of symbols for written communications

10. The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Irrigation systems to promote crop growth Animal, water, and wind driven mills The wheel and axle Plow Yoke

11. The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C. Mesopotamia “Cradle of Civilization” Clay tile material used for permanent documentation Clay tablets unearthed which show: Maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and water City plans Irrigation systems Trade Inventories Water supply systems Road maps (networks)

12. The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C. • Outstanding contributions of mathematics • Sexagesimal system • divided circle into 360 degrees • hour into 60 minutes • minute into 60 seconds • Number system based on 60 instead of 10

13. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Familiar with basic arithmetic and algebra computing Land areas Volumes of land excavations Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today Primitive arches used in hydraulic works Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers Roads surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a “lost art” construction system until the nineteenth century

14. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Egyptian Engineers Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops Outstanding examples of engineering skills: Land measurement Building layout Transit and level Irrigation systems

15. Science of the Greeks : 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Had its origin in Egypt Better known for the intensive development of borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention Famous for outstanding philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and Archimedes (mathematics)

16. Science of the Greeks: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Use of ideas was held back because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves. Ideas included: Archimedes water screw Crossbow Catapult

17. Dominance of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. • AYBABTU

18. Science of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering The Romans were a military and cultural superpower Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering knowledge from the conquered countries For use in warfare For use in public works Superior in the application of ideas and techniques

19. Science of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Roman road systems - 180,000 miles subbase, compact base, topcoat Aqueducts for water supply Sanitary systems Engineering principles applied to military tactics Hero’s Inventions: Gear driven odometer on chariot Steam turbine Hydraulic clock Fire engine

20. Science of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. The Pantheon Dome: The concrete for the coffered dome was poured in moulds, probably mounted on temporary scaffolding. The oculus is the main source of natural light.

21. Science of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Cornalvo Gravity Dam - Italy Polyspastos - Treadwheel Crane Alcántara Bridge - Spain

22. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it? The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise” Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source (the growth of Christianity, an aversion to slaves as a primary source of power) Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

23. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books printed on paper Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist also an engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults, bridges, and buildings Sketches of future engineering devices such as: Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint Tanks

24. The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries Galileo Discovers: Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight Earth moves around the sun Torricelli and Pascal Discovers: hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer Boyle Discovers: expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure

25. The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries Hooke Discovers: material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems

26. The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries The Developing Industrial Age James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces, rolling mills and other industries Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning and weaving machinery Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

27. Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam engine At last good iron for machines and power plants to operate the machinery

28. 20th Century Technology Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research

29. 20th Century Technology Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins. John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell ies, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.

30. 20th Century Technology Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world” Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms

31. 20th Century Technology • Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution And the list goes ONAND ON AND ON