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1. Historians divide the past into eras so it is easier to identify causes and effects of the great events/people in history.

   Unit 9Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads

2. Objective: We will identify individuals, events, terminology, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century.
3. KEY TERMS Treaty- official agreement between two or more groups Extinction- complete destruction Vaqueros- Spanish word for cowboy Lariats- long rope with a noose at one end Quarantine- to isolate in order to avoid spreading a disease Drovers- people who move livestock to markets Remuda- spare horses Mustang- wild horse Enclosures- fenced-in areas where ranchers kept their livestock Felony- serious crime that usually results in prison time Dragoons- soldiers who rode horses Guerrilla- soldiers who were not regular army troops and often fought behind enemy lines Desperados- bold and reckless outlaws
4. KEY TERMS Commercial Agriculture- producing crops for sale Expansion- the act or process of expanding the quality or state of being expanded; to extend Immigrant- a person who comes to a country to settle Sharecropper- a farm worker who works on someone else’s land and pays for its use by giving the landowner a share of the crops grown Subsistence Agriculture- a way of farming in which the farm produces just enough income to support the farming family Quinceanera- a celebration of a girl’s fifteenth birthday. Buffalo Soldiers – former slaves who fought during the Indian Wars Irrigation – method of obtaining water for crops.
5. Post Civil War 1865-1900 During the Civil War, Native Americans attacked the settlements on the frontier. Native American tribes roamed the unsettled lands of western Texas. Trying to settle West Texas was not easy. Native Americans raided white settlements because they believed the land belonged to them. Federal troops were sent to Texas to help end the Native American attacks. This was called Range War
6. Attempts to End Raids Federal troops moved forts along the frontier. However they were too far apart and supplying them was difficult. Government officials and tribal leaders signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty. Native Americans agreed to stop raiding white settlements, and the government agreed to provide them with food and supplies. However, the treaty failed because the Comanches and Kiowas refused to sign it and continued raiding the settlements. All attempts at making peace failed because many Native Americans didn’t trust the whites. The Frontier Wars began (aka Indian Wars).
7. Federal Army’s Strategies Native Americans Advantages: knew the area really well had rifles used hit and run techniques (rode into the area, fired arrows or rifles, and rode away) Were skilled at fighting on horseback Federal Army’s Strategies: attacked Native American villages and captured their food and supplies burned villages and killed horses hunted and destroyed the buffalo (major food source) and nearly drove it into extinction
8. Frontier Wars End The Frontier Wars end: The U.S. Government ordered the Apaches onto a reservation in Arizona. Apache leader, Victorio, and several of his warriors left and carried out raids across Southwest Texas and Mexico. Victorio and most of his warriors were killed when they escaped into Mexico. In 1881, more than 300 years of fighting between Texas settlers and Native Americans had ended. Native Americans were forced from their homes and made to live on reservations in Oklahoma where they lost their traditional way of life. Few Native Americans, like Quanah Parker, adapted to their new American lifestyle and prospered. Others died of poverty or disease. After the Frontier Wars ended, the cattle industry boomed.
9. Objective: We will identify events and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century, including factors that led to the expansion of the Texas frontier, the effects of westward expansion on American Indians.
10. 5 Factors Leading to Westward Expansion After the Civil War was over, Texans were ready to move westward and settle the frontier. WHY??? Anglo settlers wanted the large amounts of cheap unsettled land. There was a large supply of wild longhorn roaming the land. After the Civil War, there was a high demand for beef and cotton in the northern and eastern U.S.
11. Westward Expansion Causes of Western Expansion, continued: Native Americans had been removed to reservations, so fear of attacks was gone. Railroad growth – this made it much easier for families to get to the West.
12. Objective: We will identify signficant individuals from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century, including buffalo soldiers and Quanah Parker.
13. People to Know Bose Ikard Daniel Webster “80 John” Wallace Oliver Loving
14. People to Know
15. Frontier Wars: Salt Creek Massacre- In 1871, Kiowa leader (Satanta) led 100 warriors to raid a wagon train at Salt Creek. The Kiowas killed several people and burned wagons.This event sparked the Frontier Wars. Red River War- In 1874, the U.S. Army came up with a plan to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from Southern Plains and put them on reservations. Battle of Adobe Walls- Quanah Parker (Comanche leader) and Lone Wolf (Kiowa leader) attacked a camp of buffalo hunters. They retreated when federal reinforcement arrived. Battle of Palo Duro Canyon- key battle of the Red River War; U.S. Army leaders led troops against the Comanches and Cheyennes. They captured Native Americans’ horses and winter food supply. Buffalo hunters killed herds of buffalo, causing the Comanches and Cheyennes to starve. The Red River War ended with the surrender of Quanah Parker and other warriors.
16. The Buffalo Soldiers Former slaves, these African American soldiers from the 9th and 10th Cavalry and 24th and 25th Infantry helped fight in the Frontier Wars (aka Indian Wars). They were respected by the Native Americans. Native Americans nicknamed them Buffalo Soldiers their short, curly hair was like the hair on the back of a buffalo’s neck. They also had the strength and tenacity (drive) of the buffalo.
17. Warm–up Pre-AP Read chapter 4 of Where the Broken Hear Still Beats. (pages 26-33) Summarize the chapter to your shoulder partner. Be ready for discussion.
18. Effects of Westward Expansion On the American Indian Battles between Comanches, Apaches, Kiowas, and the U.S. Army Native Americans were Forced to reservations in the Oklahoma Territory
19. Questions Why were African American soldiers called Buffalo Soldiers? What was the original task of the Buffalo Soldiers? Why did many African Americans become soldiers despite the racial discrimination of that time?
20. Cattle Industry Begins
21. Objective: We will identify individuals, events, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century including the development of the cattle industry from its Spanish beginnings and the myths and realities of the cowboy way of life. THINK: How did the cattle industry develop into the multi-million dollar industry it is today? How did the demand for beef after the Civil War affect Texas?
22. Spanish Origins of Cattle Industry Ranching had begun in Spanish times. Spanish explorers first brought cattle and horses to Texas in the 1700s. Spanish priests and soldiers were the first cattle ranchers in Texas. (Write: Cattle brought to Americas by Spaniards.) Large Spanish/Mexican ranches existed in northern Mexico and Texas. First cowboy was the Spanish vaquero. Vaqueros were skilled in riding, roping, herding, and branding. They used lariats to round up cattle from horseback. Texas Longhorns were born when the Spanish cows mixed with the heavier animals brought over by Anglos. They wore broad-brimmed hats to provide shade from the sun and chaps to protect their legs from thorns. They used saddles with horns to carry their ropes, blankets, rifles, and canteens.
23. Development of Cattle Industry Cattle trails were used to get cattle to railroads which took them to market in northern and eastern states. Eventually railroad junctions came to Texas.
24. Used horses and Reatas (ropes) to round up herds of cattle raised cattle on the open range used English cattle-raising techniques worked with smaller herds that were fenced in worked on foot most of the time instead of horseback RANCHING Spanish Ranchers Anglo American Ranchers
25. Longhorns Some cattle strayed from the missions or ranches. Over time, a new breed developed known as the Texas longhorn.
26. The longhorn was able to adapt to almost any environment. able to survive on little water or food able to survive extreme hot or cold temperatures Able to use their horns for protection
27. Influence of the Civil War After the Civil War, raising cattle became a major industry in Texas. Both armies fed their troops beef during the war. Because of this, beef became an important part of the American diet. WRITE AFTER “COWBOYS AND CATTLE TRAILS” Longhorns worth $4 in Texas were worth $40 in the East. Ranchers in Texas began to use cattle drives to bring beef to the markets faster. A large supply and high demand for beef in the East helped revive the economy in Texas.
28. The First Cattle Ranchers Early ranchers faced drought, disease, and theft. They had trouble finding a place to sell their cattleand transporting cattle to market. The first Anglos in Texas herded on foot and did not brand their cattle. They soon adopted the ways of the Spanish vaqueros. Only a few Americans built ranching fortunes in Texas before the Civil War. James Taylor White gathered a herd of longhorns in the 1820s and sold them in New Orleans. Edward Piper drove 1,000 cattle to Ohio in 1846. Samuel Maverick was one of the first Americans to let his cattle roam the plains. Cattle that roamed the plains became known as mavericks.
29. Cattle Trails and Cowboys
30. Cattle drives Cattle drives made up an important part of the cattle industry. Cowhands led the herds hundreds of miles to railroads where they could be shipped east.
31. Cattle Trails & Cowboys All of the cattle drives began with the roundup in the spring when the grass was green. They branded and divided them into herds. A typical herd size was about 3,000 cattle. The cowboy’s life was not as glamorous as it has been portrayed in movies. A manager, or trail boss, planned the cattle drive and was responsible for the success of the drive. Each drive had 11-18 men, including a cook and a scout. Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of 50-60 spare horses). Two skilled cowboys (pointers) led the cattle. Two or three cowboys rode on each side of the herd, and several more rode behind the herd (drag). The herd moved about 10-15 miles per day. Hazards included rainstorms, stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.
32. The Real Cowboy The “cowboy” you see portrayed on movies is nothing like the real cowboy. Legend vs. Reality They did not fight with Native Americans. In fact, they tried to avoid Native Americans on the trails. They were not all Anglo men. In fact, many were African American and Mexican. There were also women on the trails. Yep, cowgirls. Very few cowboys carried guns. Trail bosses knew that an accidental gun shot could start a stampede. Cowboys were afraid of stampedes. The average cowboy was about 20 years old with a small physical frame. Trail rides were strenuous averaging about 30-36 hours on the saddle.
33. Cowboys had specific duties: Pointers – directed the cattle Flankers – rode on the side to keep the cattle from straying Drag Position – rode in the rear to keep the cows from straying behind Wranglers took care of the extra horses called the remuda Cowboys switched horses two to three times a day
34. The camp cook rode ahead in a chuck wagon to have dinner ready for the trail riders when they arrived. Chuck wagon – a wagon that carries cooking equipment and food for the cowhands
35. Driving cattle was hard and dangerous work. Some of the dangers included: -Bad weather or predators could cause the herd to stampede -Indians would occasionally attack Lightning from thunderstorms due to lack of shelter Biggest threat was a stampede!
36. CATTLE TRAILS, 1867–1890
37. Famous Cattle Trails (305)
38. The Development of Cattle Trails The Chisholm Trail was the first of the great cattle trails. As many as 35,000 head of cattle reached Abilene, Kansas in 1867, and the number increased to 350,000 by 1869.
39. As more railroads were built, more trails developed. The Western Trail (Dodge City Trail) became popular in the 1870s. The Goodnight-Loving Trail started by Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving
40. Problems The first cattle drive was in 1866. It ended in a Missouri town. Farmers worried that Texas cattle might carry a disease. Missouri and other states passed quarantine laws to prevent Texas cattle from entering into settled areas. Farmers complained that longhorns trampled their crops. Bandits stole cattle. The next drive went to Abilene, Kansas. Drovers moved about 35,000 cattle to Abilene.
41. Big Ranches In the late 1800s, some ranchers began to fence in their lands in Texas. This marked the end of the cattle drives. Some of the ranches were huge. Robert King started a ranch with 15,000 acres in Nueces County. The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million acres (about the size of Rhode Island) Charles Goodnight’s JA Ranch covered more than 1 million acres and supported about 100,000 cattle. His ranch produced some of the nation’s finest beef. Chicago investors owned the XIT Ranch. They received it after building a new capitol in Austin in 1888. It covered more than 3 million acres (almost as large as Connecticut). Sheep and goat ranching also expanded in Texas. Central and South Texas became popular areas for sheep ranchers. By 1886, Texans owned nearly five million sheep.
42. The West had more ranches than the East. WHY?
43. Ranching on the Open Range West Texas ranchers owned little or no land. Their cattle grazed on the open range. Ranchers believed the water and grass were resources that everyone could share. Cattle from several ranches intermingled because there were no fences. To identify their own cattle, cattle ranchers branded their animals. Cattle ranchers soon began putting barbed wire around their land. This ended the open range in Texas.
44. Branding In the late 1800s, bandits were stealing cattle all over Texas. People who owned cattle had to be able to prove ownership. Ranchers began branding their animals by using symbols, letters, and numbers. They had to be creative because they didn’t have time to spell out big words. Ranchers applied brands with heated, red-hot branding irons. These brands were applied to the left side of the animals (often on the hip). Rules for reading brands: Up and down symbols are read from top to bottom. Symbols inside symbols are read from the outside in. Side-by-side symbols are read from left to right.
45. EXAMPLES E B Boy Q IOU Tiger T E B $
46. CLOSING THE OPEN RANGE
47. Objective: We will explain the political, economic, and social impact of the agricultural industry and the development of West Texas resulting from the close of the frontier.
48. Closing the Open Range Disagreements over land flared up. The invention of barbed wire, in 1874, by Joseph Glidden changed Texas forever. Ranchers put up barbed wire enclosures to protect their cattle and their land. Some farmers grew tired of cattle trampling over their crops during the cattle drives and fenced in their land. It closed the open range forever. Ranchers could not get cattle to water, so the windmill was used in hot, arid, west Texas to pump water
49. Fence Cutting (Range) Wars By the 1880s, the open range in Texas had been fenced in. The barbed wire fences helped to end the cattle drives. Cattle owners who did not own land could no longer feed their herds on the open range. These landless cattle owners began cutting these fences so they could reach water and grass for their herds. War broke out once again in Texas. This time, it was between the cowboys who wanted to fence their property and cowboys who wanted to continue feeding their cattle on the open range. Fence cutters threatened ranchers and burned their pastures. Fence cutting caused an estimated $20 million in damages.
50. The Frontier Closes Texas passed a law making it a felony to cut a fence. This law helped reduce the number of cutting incidents, but a few still occurred in some areas. Texas Rangers helped by going undercover to catch fence cutters. One Texas Ranger went as far as to set traps with dynamite. If the wire was cut or the fence was torn down, the trap exploded. Rangers finally brought an end to the fence cutting wars. By the 1880s, Native Americans no longer hunted buffalo, cowboys no longer drove herds of cattle, and railroads, telegraph wires and fences crossed West Texas. The frontier in Texas had disappeared.
51. Development of West Texas After the Civil War, the population of Texas increased drastically. About 600,000 people lived in Texas by 1860. By 1900, Texas had more than 3 million people. Texans moved west in large numbers after the Frontier Wars. Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to justify forcing Indians off the land. Cattle and sheep ranchers led the way in settling West Texas. They saw great financial potential in West Texas. Railroad companies promoted the settlement of West Texas by building railroad lines through the region. There were only 583 miles of track in 1870. By 1900, there were 10,000 miles of railroad in Texas.
52. It’s a Hard Knock Life West Texas had few trees, so there was no wood to build homes. Settlers had to make homes out of chunks of soil containing grass. They had to burn hay and cornstalks for fuel. They ate rabbits, turkeys, quail, and other wild game. Settlers had to endure blizzards and grasshopper swarms. Even with these problems, settlements and towns grew up around the region. Since settlers lived long distances from one another, they often held social events.
53. THINK QUESTION: What are the political, social, and economic effects of the cattle industry on Texas?
54. Impact of the Closing of the Frontier
55. Why did America need Railroads? Communication from East to West was not very good. Railroads shortened mail delivery time. Travelling time from East to West took 6 months + It would help fulfil ‘Manifest Destiny’ Helped farmers become commercial farmers, selling large quantities of crops to the East Help to bring law and order to the West
56. Effect of the Railroads: Helps develop the Cattle Industry Cattle were transported by the railroads making it easier to move them from Texas to the East Cow Towns (cities) grew up around these railroad stops, thus population increased drastically
57. Effect of the Railroads: Quick and easy travel to the West Previous methods Wagon Train Foot By boat Pony Express The railroad turned a 6 month journey into a maximum of 8 days
58. James Hogg a huge supporter of the Texas Railroad Commission Texas Attorney General and Governor worked at reforming big business worked to protect citizens from unfair business practices
59. Objective: We will identify individuals, events, terminology, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century. We will identify ways in which Texans have adapted to and modified the environment and analyze the positive and negative consequences of the modifications.
60. Farming in West Texas Growing crops in West Texas required a different method of farming because there was little rainfall. Farmers tried to conserve water, but stored water evaporated quickly in the West Texas heat. The land could not support farming without irrigation (supplies water to the land by artificial means). Windmills made it possible to pump water from beneath the ground. They allowed farmers and ranchers to water their crops and animals on their own property. Ranching was more successful than farming.
61. How did Texas modify and adjust to their environment Farming in West Texas: Because of the climate and lack of water resources, it was difficult for farmers to grow crops in the dry soil. As a result, ranching became very popular in West Texas. Although farming was difficult, it wasn’t impossible. The invention of windmills helped farmers grow their crops and ranchers get water to their animals. Windmills were used as an irrigation method to pump water from beneath the ground to dry land.
62. Transportation During the early 1800s (early 19th century), wagons, carriages, and horses were the only types of transportations available in Texas. During the late 1800s, (late 19th century), settlers could travel using wagons, carriages, horses, railroads and steamboats. Barbed Wire Past: fenced in open range Present: used to fence in large commercial farms/ranches Windmill Past: provide water for farming and animals Present: more effectively provides water for farming and animals Communication Past: very slow; telegraph, telephones, letters Present: much faster; telephones, letters, cell phones, Internet, e-mail Uses of Technology
63. Railroads Impact Farming
64. Railroads Change Texas
65. CH. 18 King Cotton How was King Cotton important the Texas Economy? Cotton was called King Cotton, because it was the biggest cash crop Along with cattle, agriculture was very important to the post-civil war economy
66. Subsistence Farming Because of the financial hard times, families started small farms to get by. Most farmers ran subsistence farms. This means they grew just enough food to feed their families and had little to sell or barter.
67. But to farm you needed land and most Texans didn’t own any. Because there was no more slavery, big plantation owners need workers to work their land.
68. Tenant Farming The practice of tenant farming was started. Tenant farmers rent land from large land owners. 38% of all farms in 1880 were tenant farms
69. Sharecroppers A way to rent land was sharecropping. Farmers with no money to rent land would instead pay for the land with a share of the seasons crop. Freedman would mostly do this since they had little money.
70. Tenant farmers who had their own supplies like mules, plows, seed, feed, and other supplies typically paid the landlord the value of a third of the cotton crop. Sharecroppers who supplied only their labor typically received half the crops. It was very tough for a sharecropper to get ahead.
71. Windmills Windmills pumped water to the surface for settlers and their livestock Almost every farm had a windmill. Windmill became a symbol of civilization on the plains Innovations Steel Plow A steel plow was stronger than previous iron plows The “Blue Kelly” steel plow was especially useful with the tough soil of the prairies
72. Improved Cotton Gin New innovations made to the cotton gin made it more efficient The process became more of an industrial process This created a huge growth in cotton production
73. Cotton ruled the farming industry in the late 1800’s. The railroads increased this. Due to high demand in the east no crop made more money.
74. Immigration
75. Immigrant Groups in Texas People from all over the world settled in Texas in the late 1800s. Immigrants came from other parts of the U.S., Mexico, Germany, Sweden, Ireland, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, China and other parts of the world. These immigrant groups influenced Texas in various ways. They influenced our celebrations, language, food, and etc.
76. Increase in Population The Texas population continued to increase. In 1872, 100,000 people came to Texas. People came to Texas from all over the world.