朱銘祥教授國立成功大學機械系

1-1 What is Biomechanics? bio- biology Mechanics applied to biology (Fung) Mechanics : force, motion and strength of materials. Galileo 1638 Analyses of Dynamical Systems © all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

Biomechanics • Seeks to understand the mechanics of living systems • Biology can no more be understood without biomechanics • For an organism • help to understand its normal function • Predict changes due to alteration • Propose methods of artificial intervention Diagnosis, surgery and prosthesis are closely associated with Biomechanics

1.2 Historical background • Reading assignment • Contributors to biomechanics • G. Galilei, W. Harvey, R. Descartes, G.A. Borelli, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, I. Newton, L. Euler, T. Young, J. Poiseuille, H. von Helmholtz, A. Fick, D.J. Korteweg, H. Lamb, O. Frank, B. van der Pol

1.3 Biomechanics & Biology Applied mechanics • Stress and strain distribution in materials • Constitutive equations for mechanical properties of materials • Strength of materials, yielding, creeping, plastic flow, crack propagation, fracture, fatigue failure of materials, stress corrosion • Dislocation theory, metals, ceramics • Composite materials

Applied mechanics (cont’d) • Flow of fluids: gas, water, blood and other tissue fluids • Heat transfer, temperature distribution, thermal stress • Mass transfer, diffusion, transport through membrane • Motion of charged particles, plasma, ions in solution • Mechanism, structures

Applied mechanics (cont’d) • Stability of mechanical systems • Control of mechanical systems • Dynamics, vibrations, wave propagation • Shock waves and waves of finite amplitude Note: all living systems have involved with some of these problems

Biology & Physiology Biology G.R. Treviranus 1802 Biologie – sciences which deal with living matter as a whole Physiology – sciences which deal with normal functions of living things or their organs Continuum mechanics in physiology System Biology, gene, cell, tissue, organ, organism

1.4 Mechanics in Physiology • Reading assignment • W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, S. Hales, O. Frank, E.H. Starling, A, Krogh, A. V. Hill

1.5 What contributions has Biomechanics made to Health Science • Clinical problems in cardiovascular system • Prosthetic heart valves, heart assistive device, extracorporeal circulation, hear-lung machine, hemo-dialysis machine • Heart transplantation, artificial heart, postoperative trauma, pulmonary, arteries • Atherosclerosis • Hemodynamic disorder • Stress acting in endothelial cells & response of the endothelial cells to stress

Orthopedics • Everyday clinical tool • Surgery, prosthesis, implantable materials, artificial limbs, cellular & molecular aspects of healing to stress and strain • Functional tissue engineering of cartilage, tendon & bone • Biomechanics of trauma, injury and rehabilitation • Promote better understanding of physiology • Methodology of mechanics adopted to health science and technology

Biomechanics to medicine System analysis Rheology of biological tissues Mass transfer through membrane Interfacial phenomena Microcirculation

1.6 Our method of approach(steps) • Geometry of object: morphology of organism, anatomy of organ, histology of tissue, structure and ultra-structure of living material • Determine mechanical properties of the materials or tissues: • Derive the governing equation based on fundamental laws of physics and constitutive equations of the materials • Obtain meaningful boundary conditions: environment of an organ

Solve the boundary-value problemsanalytically or numerically or by experiments • Perform physiological experiments to test the solutions of the above boundary-value problems • Compare the experimental results with corresponding theoretical ones: • justify the hypotheses made • find the numerical values of the undeterminedcoefficients in the constitutive equations.

Scope of Biomechanics Human movement Plant biomechanics Orthopedic biomechanics Organ biomechanics Tissue biomechanics (tissue engineering) Cell biomechanics (cell-based therapy)

近年生物力學研究進展

Summary • Impact of biomechanics on continuum mechanics: vigorous renewal. • Biomechanics has moved from organ level, to tissue level and to cellular level. • Mechanics of gene action lies at focus of bioengineering!

朱銘祥教授國立成功大學機械系