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Hydrosphere

Hydrosphere. Water of the Earth!!. Water Cycle. Evaporation – liquid water changes into water vapor. (apply heat) p.1. Transpiration – where plants give off water vapor p.1. Evapo transpiration p.1. evaporation + transpiration in one word. Sublimation – solid straight to gas p.1.

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Hydrosphere

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  1. Hydrosphere Water of the Earth!!

  2. Water Cycle

  3. Evaporation – liquid water changes into water vapor. (apply heat)p.1

  4. Transpiration – where plants give off water vaporp.1

  5. Evapotranspiration p.1 • evaporation + transpiration in one word

  6. Sublimation – solid straight to gas p.1 • Solids that are introduced to high heat over a short period of time can skip the liquid phase. Typical phase change Solid → Liquid → Gas Sublimation Solid → Gas

  7. Condensation – when water vapor rises into the atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds. p.2

  8. Condensation leads To Precipitationp.2 • Rain, sleet, snow: any form of water falling to earth.

  9. Water Storage on Earth p.2 • Ice Caps • Snow • Oceans • Lakes • Ground Water

  10. Water Budget p.3 • The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensing, and precipitation gives us the earth’s water budget. • Usually is balanced for any given area. • World Water Budget is not balanced. What might be some reasons why?

  11. Local Water Budgets • Rain forest • Desert • Michigan

  12. Some places are losing fresh water.

  13. Water ConservationWhat Can We Do? • Great Lakes – Water Losses • Be Involved – vote for laws to save our Great Lakes.

  14. Bottled Water • Empty your bottles before you throw them away! • Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That water is locked up forever.

  15. Lower Consumption • Install water conserving toilets • Less watering of lawns • Shorter showers • Fix leaks • Turn off water when Brushing teeth

  16. Government Help

  17. Human Impact

  18. Quiz

  19. 13.2 River Systems • Tributaries – feeder streams to river system • Water shed – drainage basin • Divides – elevated ground to separate water sheds • Gully – narrow ditch • Runoff – water that is not soaked into soil

  20. Watershed

  21. Mississippi River Water Shed

  22. Great Lakes

  23. Stream Erosion • Channel – path the steam follows • Headward erosion – process of lengthening and branching of stream • Stream piracy – capturing water from other water sheds through erosion

  24. Erosion

  25. Channel Erosion • banks – edges of stream channel above water • Bed – part of the stream below water level • Stream Loads – materials carried by stream including water, soil, rocks, minerals • Loads: • 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed, velocity) • 2. Bed – coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and rolls) • Saltation – short jumps • 3. Dissolved - TDS

  26. Discharge and Gradient • Discharge – volume of water moved by stream • Gradient – steepness of its slope • Velocity – speed of stream • Headwaters - beginning

  27. Niagra Falls

  28. Frozen Niagra Falls

  29. Water and Wind Gaps • Water gap – erosion of earth rising causes water to need to go uphill • Ex. Delaware water gap • Wind gap – notch created where water can no longer pass

  30. Stages of a River System • Youthful rivers – rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few tributaries, less water • Mature rivers – well established tributaries, erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming, oxbow lake • Old rivers – lower gradient, slower, more meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion, deposits sediments • Rejuvenated rivers – gradient of stream becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss. River, Tequm lower falls)

  31. Assignment • Pg. 251 #1-5

  32. 13.3 Stream Deposition • rocks • Stones • Pebbles • Gravel • Course sand • Fine sand • silt

  33. Deltas and Alluvial Fans • Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into large body of water • Delta – fan shaped deposit at mouth of river • Alluvial fan – load causing flatten out after a step slope • 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet • 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud • 3. sloped whereas delta flat

  34. Flood Deposits • Floodplain – deposits of silt and sand • Springtime - ^with snowmelt v evapotranspiration • Ice jams • Natural levees – deposits silt and sand

  35. Flood Control • Indirect methods: • 1. Forestation • 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff • Direct methods: • 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human conception and recreation) • 2. levees • 3. overflood channels

  36. Assignment • Pg. 255 #1-5 • Pg. 256-57 #1-12

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