Chapter 3 Continued

1. Chapter 3 Continued Logic Gates Logic Chips Combinational Logic Timing Sequential Logic Flip Flops Registers Memory State Machines

2. Logical Completeness • Can implement ANY truth table with AND, OR, NOT. 1. AND combinations that yield a "1" in the truth table. 2. OR the resultsof the AND gates. • ALSO: • Can implement ANY truth table with ONLY NANDS. • Can implement ANY truth table with ONLY NORS.

3. 1 Bit Full Adder

4. 4 Bit Full Adder 1 bit adder 4 bit adder How many gate delays will it take before all of the outputs are correct?

5. Programmmable Logic Arrays (PLAs)

6. Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) • Any combinational logic function can be realized as a sum of products. • Idea: Build a large AND-OR array with lots of inputs and product terms, and programmable connections. • n inputs • AND gates have 2n inputs -- true and complement of each variable. • m outputs, driven by large OR gates • Each AND gate is programmably connected to each output’s OR gate. • p AND gates (p<<2n) • designation is n x m, p ANDs

7. Example: 4x3 PLA, 6 product terms--- X locates a fuse that can disconnect a line

8. Example: PAL16L8 Programmable Array Logic (PALs) • How beneficial is product sharing? • Not enough to justify the extra fuse array • PALs ==> fixed OR array • Each AND gate is permanently connected to a certain OR gate.

9. 10 primary inputs • 8 outputs, with 7 ANDs per output • 1 AND for 3-state enable • 6 outputs available as inputs • more inputs, at expense of outputs • two-pass logic, helper terms • Note inversion on outputs • output is complement of sum-of-products • newer PALs have selectable inversion

10. Designing with PLAs • Compare number of inputs and outputs of the problem with available resources in the PAL • Write equations for each output using programming language like ABEL (Xilinx) Note: VHDL and Verilog are popular computer hardware design languages. ABEL is primarily used for specifying Programmed Logic.

11. Basic SR Flip Flop Nor Gates: S R | Qn+1 0 0 | Qn 0 1 | 0 1 0 | 1 1 1 | Indeterminate a 1 on S or R sets/resets the FF Nand Gates: S R | Qn+1 0 0 | Indeterminate 0 1 | 1 1 0 | 0 1 1 | Qn a 0 on S or R sets/resets the FF

12. Clocked SR Flip Flop S R | Qn+1 0 0 | Qn 0 1 | 0 1 0 | 1 1 1 | Indeterminate S, R are nominally 0, a 1 on S or R will set/reset the FF AFTER the Clock Pulse

13. D Flip Flop (D Latch) D | Qn+1 0 | 0 1 | 1

14. Positive Edge Triggered Flip Flop(7474)

15. Master Slave Flip Flop Master sets on rising edge of CP, Slave sets on falling edge of CP. (or visa versa  depending on the particular Master Slave)

16. Toggle Flip Flop T | Qn+1 0 | Qn 1 | not Qn Toggles on CP when T =1

17. JK Flip Flop J K | Qn+1 0 0 | Qn 0 1 | 0 1 0 | 1 1 1 | not Qn

18. JK as a Universal Flip Flop JK as an SR – use set and pre inputs JK as a Toggle – connect J and K JK as a D – connect NOT J to K