Reteach for M1 Take Two

1. Reteach for M1 Take Two AP European History Module 1 – Lesson 1 The Middle Ages

2. Medieval Struggle • Began around 300 • Divided between a Latin speaking Western whose capital was Rome and a Greek speaking Eastern Empire whose capital was Byzantium. • By 476 AD, the Western Empire was dissolved by barbarian invasions. The empire was split into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire.

3. Medieval Church and the Feudal System • The Feudal system was the basis for Middle Ages’ society. The Christian Church became more important and became the center of Urban life. • Monasticism became more prevalent. • By the way of Papal Primacy, the Pope became the most important figure in the Catholic Church. The Bishop of Rome (Pope) was in the position to unite the warring kingdoms of the West.

4. Medieval Church and the Stability of the Empires • The Emperors of the Byzantium Empire ruled with absolute authority over both the Church and State. • The Pope refused to submit to Byzantium’s rule. • The Byzantine Emperor, Justinian, changed the situation by conquering the city of Rome. • He also created a uniform code of Greco-Roman laws called the Code of Justinian.

5. Medieval Church • Justinian built the grandest church of the Medieval Age, in Constantinople- the Hagia Sophia (537). • Split in the church - two distinct Christian Churches were developing in Europe- a Latin, western church in Rome, and a Greek, eastern church in Constantinople • In 1054, the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople excommunicated each other from the Church establishing two fully independent Christian churches- the Roman Catholic Church in the west and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the east.

6. The Middle Ages – The Rise of Nation States in Europe • In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne would be crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope. • Division of the Empire & The Treaty of Verdun • In 840, civil war broke-out in the empire of the Franks, as Charlemagne’s grandsons fought for control of the empire. The Treaty of Verdun (843) divided the empire into thirds: Charles received the western 1/3rd- France; Ludwig received the eastern 1/3rd- Germany; and Lothair received the middle 1/3rd, and title, “Emperor of the Romans” as Holy Roman Emperor. By 855, Charles and Ludwig had conquered and divided Lothair’s middle kingdom. The lands of Germany would become the Holy Roman Empire.

7. The Middle Ages – The Rise of Nation States in Europe • In 1000, a Norse exploration party, led by Leif Ericsson, established the first European settlement in North America

8. The Middle Ages – The Feudal System • The Feudal System- Social status during the Middle Ages was based on a hierarchical system of land ownership known as Feudalism. The feudal pyramid has the king at the top, followed by the nobles and high clergy, then the knights, and lastly the peasants and serfs. Anyone who provided a fief for use by another was a lord. All of the fiefs under the authority of one lord constituted a manor. Anyone who accepted a fief from a lord was a vassal. A personal oath of loyalty bound the vassal to the lord. The vassal typically paid rent to his lord.

9. The Middle Ages – The Feudal System • The Rise of Towns- By the late 10th century, thanks to improved climate, agricultural production, and the end of Viking invasions, the population began to grow rapidly. • The development of a trade-based economy in Europe following the Crusades marked the beginning of the development of capitalism across the European continent. • Through the apprentice system, an apprentice- usually the son of a guild master- could become a master himself by submitting for judgment a piece of work to prove his skill, a masterpiece.

10. The Middle Ages – The Crusades • In 1076, nomadic warriors from central Asia and recent converts to Islam, the Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire and seized control of the Holy Land- including all of Palestine and the city of Jerusalem. • Recognizing an opportunity to reunite the Christian Church, by forcing Byzantium to accept Roman supremacy, and seeking to assert Papal Primacy over the secular rulers of the West, in 1096, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II offers his assistance to Byzantium by calling a crusade.

11. The Middle Ages – The Crusades • Lasting for 195 years, eight official Crusades of western Christian armies would be sent to the East to save Byzantium and “rescue” the Holy Land from the “Saracens”. While some were temporarily successful, ultimately the Crusades were a failure for their final objective was never achieved. The Holy Lands remained in Muslim hands when the Crusades ended in 1291.

12. The Middle Ages – The Norman Conquest to Magna Carta • In January 1066, England’s king Edward III “The Confessor” died leaving a power vacuum. • Harold Godwinson had been proclaimed King Harold II and the others that desired the crown (Harold Hardrada and William, the Duke of Normandy) made plans to invade. • Harold Hardrada’s forces came first. On 25 September 1066, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, the forces of Harold II defeated and killed the Norse invader.

13. The Middle Ages – The Norman Conquest to Magna Carta • On 27 September, Norman forces crossed the English channel and landed in Hastings • On 14 October, at the Battle of Hastings, the forces of William of Normandy defeated and killed England’s Saxon King. • Christmas Day 1066 – William the Conqueror will be crowned King William I of England by “right of conquest.” • By 1215, nearly all of the lands of Normandy had been reconquered by the French.

14. The Middle Ages – The Norman Conquest to Magna Carta • England’s King John raised taxes on his nobles to pay for the war with the French. • England’s nobles rebelled against King John and demanded their rights and liberties. • King John is forced to accept the Noble’s demands. • Signed the contract – The Magna Carta – “The Great Charter” • The Magna Carta limited the power of the King and future monarchs.

15. The Middle Ages – The Black Death • In 1348, trading ships from the Black Sea arrived in Italy carrying rats and fleas that were infected by the bacterium for the Bubonic Plague. • The plague’s initial outbreak died out within five years. • Killed approximately 1/3 of Europe’s entire population. • The plague resurfaced at times over the next four centuries (the last being in the 18th century) and killed over 75 million.

16. The Middle Ages – The Black Death • Consequences of the Black Death: • Feudal System broke down • Serfdom gradually begins to disappear • Church had a negative impact since they were unable to stop the plague. • People began to dwell on death and dying and art and literature were influenced. • Giovanni Boccaccio wrote The Decameron

17. The Middle Ages – The Hundred Years’ War • Dispute over the throne of France. • Fought entirely on French soil • It was a struggle for national identity and control of territory. • Joan of Arc led the French to victory in the Battle of Orleans • Joan’s victory would allow the dauphin – the rightful heir to the French throne – to be crowned – King Charles VII of France.

18. The Middle Ages – The Hundred Years’ War • Joan was captured by the Burgundians , accused of heresy and witchcraft, and tried by an English inquisition court. • Joan was burned alive at the stake in 1431. • Orleans marked the beginning of a reversal in fortune of the French who by 1453 had driven the English out of nearly all of France for good.

19. The Middle Ages – The Hundred Years’ War • Effects of the 100 Years’ War: • France was economically devastated by 116 years of warfare. However, in the wake of Joan’s victories, there was an emergence of a strong, centralized state led by an absolute monarchy. • In England, they were defeated and humiliated. They underwent territorial changes. England was encouraged to develop its own textile industry which paved the way for the Industrial Revolution. • War of Roses in England – Between the Yorks and the Lancasters – The war ended when Henry Tudor claimed the English throne by “right of conquest.” • Henry VII began the rule of England’s Tudor dynasty.

20. The Middle Ages – The Great Schism • Pope Boniface VIII issued ClericisLaicos – a papal bull forbidding kings from taxing the property of the Church. • In 1302, Boniface issues Unam Sanctum: Popes > Kings • Philip IV of France was furious and sends and army to Rome to capture Boniface and bring him to France to stand trial. • Philip persuades the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new Pope.

21. The Middle Ages – The Great Schism • Philip encourages the move of the Papacy to Avignon where it will remain for the next 100 years. • In 1378, the College of Cardinals attempts to return the papacy to Rome by choosing an Italian pope. • King Charles V of France chooses his own “Antipope” • When both popes excommunicate each other, the Great Schism of the Roman Catholic Church begins (1378 – 1417). • By 1409, three men claimed to be the true pope. The Council of Constance in 1417 appointed Pope Martin V to end the Great Schism.

22. The Middle Ages – The Reconquista • In 1063, Pope Alexander II called for the Reconquista of Iberia from the Muslim Moors. • In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married and dedicated themselves to a united Christian Spanish nation-state. • To assist in achieving this goal, the Spanish Inquisition forced Spanish Muslims and Jews to choose exile or death if they wouldn’t convert. • By the end of 1492, the last Muslims lands in Iberia were conquered completing the Reconquista; however, the Inquisition continued to persecute “heretics” in Spain well into the 16th century.

23. The End of the Middle Ages • The Italian and Northern Renaissances mark the end of the Middle Ages. • In the east, the Byzantine Emperor John VIII traveled to Italy in 1439 hoping to rally against the Ottoman Turks. • Papal assistance came at a price and Rome’s spiritual supremacy was recognized.

24. The End of the Middle Ages • With Papal power weakened by previous crusades, the papacy was unable to convince Europe’s western kingdoms to send aid to the East. • Defended until Constantine XI’s final breath, Constantinople fell to the Ottomans on the 29th of May, 1453.

25. Works Cited • McKay, John P., and Bennett David Hill. A History of Western Society. 10th[thoroughly Rev.] ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. Print.