First Aid with CPR/AED—Adult and Child and CPR—Infant

1. First Aid with CPR/AED—Adult and Child and CPR—Infant American Red Cross Health Science 2 Mrs. Roberts

2. Certifications • Standard First Aid (Valid for 3 years) • Adult/Child/Infant CPR & Adult AED (Valid for 1 year)

3. Expectations • Attend ALL class sessions or make up missed sessions • Demonstrate competency in all required skills • Participate in all skill sessions and scenarios • Score at least 80% on each section of the written exam

4. Lesson 1:Before Giving Care

5. Recognizing and Responding to an Emergency • By recognizing an emergency and taking immediate action to help, you give a suddenly ill or injured person the best chance for survival. • Emergencies can often be recognized because of unusual sights, appearances, behavior, odors or noises.

6. Overcoming Barriers to Act • There are many reasons why bystanders do not get involved in an emergency situation. • It is normal to feel hesitant or unsure about what to do.

7. Good Samaritan Laws • Enacted in all states to protect people who voluntarily give emergency care, without accepting anything in return. • May protect you from legal liability as long as you- • Act in good faith • Are not negligent • Act within the scope of your training • Never abandon a person once you start care • You MUST OBTAIN CONSENT to help an ill or injured person

8. Obtaining consent • State your name • Tell the person you are trained in first aid • Ask the person if you can help • Explain what you think may be wrong • Explain what you plan to do “DO NOT give care to a conscious person who refuses it”

9. Preventing Disease Transmission • Standard Precautions (AKA “Universal Precautions”) • Avoid contact with blood or other body fluids • Avoid touching objects that may be soiled with blood or other body fluids • Place barriers between you and the injured or ill person • Wash your hands immediately after giving care with soap and water

10. Cleaning up a Blood Spill • Clean immediately • Use disposable gloves and paper towels to clean up the area • Flood the area with 1 ½ cups of liquid chlorine bleach mixed in 1 gallon of water • Let it stand for 10 minutes • Dispose in a biohazard bag

11. SKILL PRACTICE: Removing Gloves

12. Emergency Action Steps Check Call Care

13. When to CALL first • Unconscious adult or adolescent age 12 or older • Witnessed sudden collapse of child or infant • Unconscious infant or child known to be at high risk for heart problems

14. When to CARE first • Unwitnessed collapse of an unconscious person younger than 12 • Any victim of drowning

15. Moving an Injured or Ill Person • “Do No Further Harm” • Remember CHECK—CALL—CARE • Emergency Moves • Walking Assist -- Clothes Drag • Pack-Strap Carry -- Blanket Drag • Two-Person Seat Carry -- Foot Drag

16. Lesson 2:Checking an Ill or Injured Person

17. Checking a Conscious Adult • When it comes to first aid, an “Adult” is someone who is about 12 years of age or older • After checking the scene, you should check the adult first for life-threatening conditions. • Obtain consent to give care • A head-to-toe examination should be done to check a conscious adult • Care for the person based on their condition • Take steps to minimize shock

18. Checking a Conscious Child or Infant • For first aid, a “child” is someone who is about 1 to 12 years old. • For the use of a pediatric AED, a child is someone between the ages of 1 and 8 or weighing less than 55 pounds. • For first aid, an “infant” is someone who is less than 1 year old. • Check the scene then check the child for life threatening conditions. • Obtain consent from a parent or guardian, if present. • Care for the child base on their condition • Take steps to minimize shock

19. Recognizing and Caring for Shock • Likely to develop after any serious injury or illness including severe bleeding, serious internal injury, significant fluid loss or other conditions. • A person showing signs of shock needs immediate medical attention. • Body systems and organs begin to fail. • Goals of first aid  get help quickly and give care to minimize shock

20. Signs of Shock • Restlessness or irritability • Altered level of consciousness • Nausea or vomiting • Rapid breathing and pulse • Pale or ashen, cool, moist skin • Excessive thirst

21. Care Steps for Shock • CALL 9-1-1 • Monitor the person’s ABCs • Control any bleeding • Keep person from getting chilled or overheated • Elevate legs about 12 inches (ONLY if you don’t suspect a neck, back or hip injury) • Comfort and reassure (Do not let them eat or drink anything)

22. Checking an Unconscious Adult Remember your ABCs A = Airway B = Breathing C = Circulation and severe bleeding

23. Checking an Unconscious Child or Infant • Again, Remember your ABCs • With a child or infant, you should check for a pulse. • Child – Carotid pulse • Infant – Brachial pulse

24. Lesson 3:Breathing Emergencies and Conscious Choking

25. Breathing Emergencies • Respiratory distress: having trouble breathing • Respiratory arrest: can not breath at all • Very important to recognize breathing emergencies in children and infants before the heart stops beating. • Adults hearts stop because they are diseased. Children and Infant’s hearts are usually healthy and stops because of a breathing emergency.

26. Conscious Choking Adult, Child and Infant • Choking is a breathing emergency that can lead to death if not cared for immediately. • A person is choking only when their airway is completely obstructed. • Universal sign of choking = clutching the throat • Care involves 5 back blows and chest thrusts for infants and 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts for adults

27. Lesson 4:Rescue Breathing

28. Rescue Breaths - Adult • Process of breathing air into a person who is not breathing to provide vital organs including the brain a constant supply of oxygen. • Each breath should last about 1 second. With each breath, watch the chest clearly rise and fall. • Blow just enough air to make the chest rise.

29. Rescue Breathing—Child • Respiratory arrest can lead to cardiac arrest if not cared for immediately. • Given to a child or infant who is not breathing but has a pulse. • Give 1 breath every 3 seconds and check for signs of life every 2 minutes (about 40 breaths).

30. Rescue Breathing—Infant • Do not tilt the head back at all. Keep in a neutral position. • Give 1 breath every 3 seconds, checking for signs of life about every 2 minutes. • Make a seal over infant’s mouth and nose.

31. Rescue Breathing • Continue rescue breathing on a child or infant: • As long as they have a pulse but still not breathing • Until help arrives and takes over • The child or infant begins to breath on their own • Scene becomes unsafe • You become too tired to continue

32. Lesson 5:Cardiac Emergencies

33. Recognizing a Heart Attack • Heart attack – when the heart muscle is damaged from a lack of oxygen and blood supply by either disease or trauma. • A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest. • Cardiac arrest – heart stops functioning altogether

34. CPR?? • C =Cardio = Heart • P = Pulmonary = Lung • R = Resuscitation = Restore life

35. Cardiac Chain of Survival • CPR alone is not enough to help someone survive a cardiac arrest • Greatest Chance of Survival

36. Defibrillation • An electric shock that interrupts the heart’s chaotic electrical activity. • AED = automated external defibrillator • Analyzes heart’s electrical rhythm and, if necessary, prompts the responder to deliver a shock.

37. Lesson 6:CPR and Unconscious Choking

38. CPR - Adult • Cardiac Arrest: Unconscious, not breathing and show no other signs of life. • CPR can help circulate blood that contains oxygen to vital organs by a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths.

39. CPR - Child • Children rarely suffer a cardiac emergency. They suffer a respiratory emergency that develops into a cardiac emergency. • Common causes of respiratory emergencies that develop into cardiac emergencies: • Motor vehicle crashes • Drowning • Obstructed airway • Smoke inhalation • Poisoning • Falls • Firearm injuries

40. CPR - Infant • Cardiac emergencies are RARE in an otherwise healthy infant. • Usually preceded by trauma or a breathing emergency or SIDS. • Genetic or congenital problems may increase an infants risk of a cardiac emergency.

41. Unconscious Choking • If rescue breaths do not go in, you must act quickly to get air into the person. • Similar to CPR, except you look for a foreign object between compressions and breaths. • Chest compressions are used to help force air from the person’s lungs to dislodge the object.

42. Lesson 7:AED - Adult

43. AED • Automated External Defibrillator • AED analyzes the heart’s electrical rhythm and, if necessary, prompts you to deliver a shock to a victim of sudden cardiac arrest. • This shock, called defibrillation, may help the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.

44. AED Precautions • DO NOT touch the victim while the AED is analyzing. • DO NOT touch the victim while the device is defibrillating. • Make sure no one is touch the person. • Do not use alcohol to wipe the victim’s chest. • Do not use if a person is wet or lying in water. • Do not use adult pads on a child under age 8 or less than 55 pounds. • Remove any medication patches. • Do not use a cell phone within 6 feet of the AED.

45. First-Aid:Soft Tissue Injuries

46. First Aid • Immediate care that is given to the victim of an injury or illness to minimize shock • STAY CALM • AVOID PANIC • Evaluate the situation THOROUGHLY

47. 2 Basic Types of Injuries • Soft Tissue • Layers of skin, fat and muscle • Musculoskeletal • Muscles, bones and joints

48. Soft Tissue Injuries • Layers of skin, fat and muscle. • Wound: physical injury that damages the layers of the skin • Open: break in the skin or mucous membrane • Closed: no break in the skin or mucous membrane but injury occurs in the underlying tissues • Bruise (contusion or ecchymosis) • Hematoma

49. Signs of Internal Bleeding • Tender, swollen, bruised or hard area of the body, such as the abdomen • Rapid, weak pulse • Cool, moist, pale, or bluish skin • Vomiting or coughing blood • Excessive thirst • Becoming confused, faint, drowsy or unconscious

50. Treatment of Closed Wounds • Apply direct pressure • Elevate if it does not cause more pain • Apply ice or cold pack