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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition. Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse. Chapter Three: Liberal and Social Theories. Anti-government protester in Bahrain, 2011. 3.1 The Waning War.

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition

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  1. INTERNATIONALRELATIONS2013–2014 UpdateTenth Edition Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse Chapter Three: Liberal and Social Theories

  2. Anti-government protester in Bahrain, 2011.

  3. 3.1 The Waning War • Liberal theorists see the rules of IR as slowly evolving through time and potentially becoming more peaceful. • Evolution results primarily from the gradual build-up of international organization and mutual cooperation (reciprocity) and secondarily from changes in norms and public opinion (identity). • Current period is one of the least warlike in history

  4. 3.1 The Waning of WarQ: With respect to warfare, __________. A) the long-term trend is that there are fewer wars but more people being killed in them B) the advances in technology lead us to fear annihilation of the world more than destruction of a city C) major wars will continue regardless of trends toward fewer wars D) today’s most serious conflicts consist mainly of skirmishing rather than all-out battles

  5. Answer: D) today’s most serious conflicts consist mainly of skirmishing rather than all-out battles

  6. True-False: • Events in the post–Cold War era have continued a long-term trend toward larger wars.

  7. Answer: • False

  8. 3.2 Liberal Theories • Kant and Peace • Liberal Institutionalism • International Regimes • Collective Security • The Democratic Peace

  9. MyLab Media • Video: Toppling Hussein. • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_mpsk_vcs_1/vcs2_20_toppling_hussein.html • Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

  10. Kant and Peace • Liberal theories of IR try to explain how peace and cooperation are possible • German philosopher Immanuel Kant

  11. Liberal Institutionalism • Kant’s first answer • Rational actors • States could join a worldwide federation • International cooperation • Neoliberal approach

  12. HAPPY FAMILY Liberal theories emphasize the potential for rivalries to evolve into cooperative relationships as states recognize that achieving mutual benefits is most cost effective in the long run. For example, the U.S. and Soviet/Russian space programs began cooperating in the 1960s and continue today, with other countries. Here, astronauts from the United States, Russia, Germany, and Sweden share the International Space Station, 2006.

  13. International Regimes • Set of rules, norms, and producers • Can help solve collective-goods problems • Intervening variables • Embedded in international institutions

  14. HEALTHY REGIME International regimes are sets of rules, norms, and procedures, not always codified into institutions, that govern the behavior of actors in IR. The world health regime includes states, IGOs such as the World Health Organization (WHO), nonprofit organizations such as the Gates Foundation, and others, all working with common expectations about activities to improve health and stem epidemics. Here, Cuban doctors give WHO vaccines to children in Haiti, 2010.

  15. Collective Security • Grows out of liberal institutionalism • Formation of a broad alliance • League of Nations • United Nations • Regional IGOs • Success of collective security • Issue of failed states

  16. Democratic Peace • Kant’s second answer • Democracies almost never fight each other • Democracy more widespread • Period of transition

  17. DEMOCRATIC TIDE Upsurges of democratic movements throughout the world in recent years testify to the power of the idea of democracy. Because democracies rarely fight each other, worldwide democratization might lead to lasting peace. Here, Tunisia holds its first free election after leading the Arab Spring and reversing decades of authoritarian rule, 2011.

  18. 3.2 Liberal Theories Q: What was the first attempt at creating a collective security system? • United Nations • League of Nations • European Community • North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  19. Answer: • B) League of Nations

  20. True-False: • A current example of an international regime is the International Monetary Fund.

  21. Answer: • True

  22. 3.3 Social Theories • Identities and Ideas Matter • Postmodernism

  23. MyLab Media • Simulations: Using Theory: You are the New Prime Minister. • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_mpsk_media_1/sims_2011/prime_minister/player.html • Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

  24. Identities & Ideas Matter • Approach rather than theory • Constructivist • One strand of research examines how states’ interests and identities are intertwined • Another strand of research relies heavily on international norms

  25. CONSTRUCTING IDENTITIES Constructivist theories, based on the core principle of identity, see actors’ preferences as constructed by the actors rather than given “objectively.” These theories may do better than realist or liberal approaches in explaining major changes in a state’s foreign policy goals and image in the world that arise from internal changes and new self-concepts rather than external constraints or opportunities. Examples might include the breakup of the Soviet Union and the election of Barack Obama as president. Iran’s identity as an Islamic revolutionary state affects its foreign policies. Here, the morals police close a barber shop in Iran for giving Western-style haircuts, 2008.

  26. President of Ukraine, Victor Yanukovych

  27. Postmodernism • Rooted in literature critiques - pays special attention to texts and to discourses • Calls into question the whole notion of states as actors • Postmodernists seek to “deconstruct” concepts

  28. 3.3 Social TheoriesQ: Which of the following do postmodernists mainly focus on when attempting to deconstruct dominant beliefs? • Human behavior • State behavior • Discourse • Psychology

  29. Answer: • C) Discourse

  30. True-False: • The teasing apart of words in order to uncover subtle meanings, searching for what is perhaps left out, is a particularly Marxist approach to texts.

  31. Answer: • False

  32. 3.4 Marxism • Both IR and domestic politics arise from unequal relationships • Oppression of less powerful by powerful classes • Marx’s theories of class struggle • Lenin’s theory of imperialism • Revolutions in global south • Less visible theories in IR

  33. RICH AND POOR Disparity of wealth is a central aspect of global North-South relations. Marxists see international relations and domestic politics alike as being shaped by a class struggle between the rich and the poor. In São Paulo, Brazil, rich and poor neighborhoods sit side by side.

  34. 3.4 MarxismQ: Marxist approaches to IR hold that both IR and domestic policies arise from unequal relationships between which of the following? • Political elites • Economic classes • Governmental agencies • Economic agencies

  35. Answer: • B) Economic classes

  36. True-False: • The utilization of taxes to sway the working classes at home is an example of a buy off.

  37. Answer: • False

  38. 3.5 Peace Studies • Seeks to shift focus of IR away from interstate level of analysis • Conflict resolution • Militarism • Positive peace - structural violence • World government • Peace movements • Nonviolence, pacifism

  39. SHADOW OF WAR Militarism in a culture, or the lack thereof, can influence foreign policy. In societies at war, children’s psychological trauma contributes to intergroup conflicts decades later. Generations of Palestinians have grown up in a society affected by violent conflict. This Palestinian girl, walking between Israeli troops and Palestinian stone-throwers in the West Bank in 2010, has lived around violent conflict her whole life, as have her parents and grandparents.

  40. GIVE PEACE A CHANCE Peace demonstrators play a role in many conflicts. Here, demonstrators respond to an outbreak of violence in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2013.

  41. 3.6 Peace StudiesQ: Scholars of peace studies emphasize what level of analysis when recommending strategies for achieving peace? • Individual • National • International • Global

  42. Answer: • A) Individual

  43. True-False: • In international conflicts, peaceful strategies for resolving those conflicts are in competition with violent approaches.

  44. Answer: • True

  45. 3.6 Gender Theories • Why Gender Matters • The Masculinity of Realism • Gender in War and Peace • Women in IR • Difference Feminism versus Liberal Feminism • Postmodern Feminism

  46. Why Gender Matters • Feminist scholarship • Difference feminism • Liberal feminism • Postmodern feminism

  47. A GUY THING Feminists from various theoretical traditions agree that the gender makeup of international summits and national governments matters. Here, China’s old (left) and new (right) ruling group mark the transition of power, 2012.

  48. The Masculinity of Realism • Difference feminism provides a perspective from which to re-examine the core assumptions of realism • International system based on feminine principles

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