CHAPTER 1: The Nation’s Beginnings

1. CHAPTER 1:The Nation’s Beginnings EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA to 1763

2. Age of Exploration, 1400-1700 • Main idea: exploration often occurs due to economic, political, social and religious factors. • Religious/Social Changes (Can you remember?) • Economic/Political Changes (Can you remember?) • What were the causes and effects of European arrival in the Americas? • Answer with a partner (5 bullet points)

3. Who Was First? Native Americans (duh)

4. Native Americans • …the Native Americans were descendants of Mongoloid groups which crossed from Siberia into North America via the BeringStraight – then a land bridge – between 20,000 – 40,000 years ago and proceeded to fan out throughout the Americas

6. America Pre-Columbus

7. Northwest Natives • Avid traders • Acquisition of material goods resulted in higher status • Gift-giving ceremonies called potlatches marked public displays of wealth • Abundance of fish and mild climate made many tribes relatively prosperous • Carved elaborate and intricate totem poles (represented ancestral heritage)

8. Southwest Natives • Arid conditions made life tougher • Tribes such as the Apache were foragers – scrounging for everything from bison to grasshoppers • In most of [what is now] California, most of the tribes were pretty laid-back • Living in villages and lived off the land as hunters and gatherers

9. Great Plains Natives • Game, especially bison, was plentiful • Few hunted because of no horses until the mid 1500s • Tribes stalked, ambushes, and occasionally stampeded a herd of bison over a cliff • Semi-nomadic – packed up their teepees and moved on when the local food got scarce

10. Northeast Natives • Two large groups: Iroquois and Algonquin • Fought a lot • Tools and weapons made of copper and slate • Invented a canoe made out of birch bark • Around 1450 five tribes formed the Iroquois League • Purpose: form an alliance against the Algonquin and settle disputes amongst themselves

11. Southeast Natives • A mix of hunting, gathering, and farming • Developed codes of law and judicial systems • Readily adopted European customs of running plantations, slaveholding, and raising cattle • Intermarried with Europeans • Referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes by the Europeans (Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, & the Seminoles) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E9WU9TGrec&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=1

12. HEY COLUMBUS, GO HOME! Europeans Come to America

13. What do you remember? • What were the Americas like pre-Columbus? • Describe 3 aspects of Native American culture. • What were some push factors for exploration?

14. EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S • European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants • Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power • The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

15. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION • The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory • Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes – all led to better exploration

16. SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2 • Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 (“the greatest accident in history”) • Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System • Disease devastated Native population-what was the “exchange” called?

17. IMPACT OF COLUMBUS • On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken • Why Africans? • On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history • On Trade-Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

18. The Columbian Biological Exchange

19. The Columbian Biological Exchange

20. The Columbian Biological Exchange

21. SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE • Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas • Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico • Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru • Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System • a grant by the crown to a conquistador, soldier, official, or others of a specified number of Indians living in a particular area

23. Geography Lesson Using the 4 maps of topography/geography, decide where you, as an explorer, would aim to explore. Explain WHY you chose that area or region. How does geography impact settlement patterns?

24. Impact of Geography • How can economic development impact freedom and opportunity? • The geography of a region and the purpose for immigration influences the economic development of a region.

25. Roanoke: The Lost Colony • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o99Y4Brq-GY&feature=related • Investigation: What caused the colonists to disappear? • First arrived 1585 • Second group in 1587 • Leader: John White • 1587 first European born in N. America-Virginia Dare • J.W. left for supplies, returned in 1590 to nothing but “CROATOAN” carved on a post

26. Pocahontas: “Virginia Company” In sixteen hundred sevenWe sail the open seaFor glory, God and goldAnd the Virginia CompanyFor the New World is like heavenAnd we'll all be rich and freeOr so we have been toldBy the Virginia CompanyFor glory, God and goldAnd the Virginia CompanyOn the beaches of VirginnyThere's diamonds like debrisThere's silver rivers flowAnd gold you pick right off a tree With a nugget for my WinnieAnd another one for meAnd all the rest'll goTo the Virginia CompanyIt's glory, God and goldAnd the Virginia Company We'll kill ourselves an InjunOr maybe two or threeWe're stalwart men and boldOf the Virginia CompanyIt's glory, God and gold and the Virginia Company

27. EARLY BRITISH COLONIES • Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America • 1607: Jamestown was first lasting settlement • John Smith led this group of settlers • Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop (Rolfe) • http://www.history.com/topics/jamestown/videos/jamestown-founded-in-1607?cmpid=mrss_int_taboola_video_his

28. Fix Jamestown! You have arrived in Jamestown as the new leader. You are the colonists’ last hope and must address the problems that have ravaged the colony. Using your knowledge of the colony, discuss how you would change/fix the its issues: offer possible solutions to problems like disease, salt poisoning, Indian attacks, starvation, farming complications, etc. Write as a public edict for the colonists.

29. Pilgrims and Plymouth • Believed that the English Protestant church was corrupt-wanted to “separate” • Separatists leave homeland on a pilgrimage to the new world-hence the name Pilgrims

30. Pilgrims Cont’d • 44 passengers board the Mayflower (rest aimed to make profit) to Plymouth • William Bradford=governor • Wampanoag tribe helps them survive; “Thanksgiving” • Absorbed into Puritans

31. Puritans: Mass. Bay Colony • Like Pilgrims, they wished to reform the English Prot. Church • Sought to purify-hence the name Puritans • Imagined themselves as the next Exodus • John Winthrop=leader • Salvation was for the Elect; constant state of spiritual anxiety

32. Puritans Cont’d • Faith, not work was key to salvation • “City on a Hill” • Community demanded conformity • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson