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the CoRE study Comparing Two Strategies for Enrolling HIV-infected pregnant women from Antenatal Care to Care and Treatment Services in Cameroon: Continuum of Care Operations Research (CORE) study .

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  1. the CoRE study Comparing Two Strategies for Enrolling HIV-infected pregnant women from Antenatal Care to Care and Treatment Services in Cameroon: Continuum of Care Operations Research (CORE) study P Tih1,E Nshom1, E Onyoh1, C Harrington1, Z Fox2, J Nkfusai1, E Kuni1, E Mboh1,D Palmer1, T Welty11AIDS Care and Prevention Program, Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board (CBCHB) North West Region, Cameroon;2Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom

  2. Background The Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board (CBCHB): • Faith-based health-focused organization • Owns 5 hospitals and 25 integrated health centers • Operates in 6/10 regions of Cameroon • Supports services to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in 450 sites

  3. Background Continued • Prior to 2007, single dose nevirapine was the most widely utilized PMTCT drug in Cameroon • In 2008, mother-to-child HIV transmission rates ranged between 13.8-14.5% in PMTCT facilities in Cameroon • In 2008, a lower level of vertical transmission was observed at CBCHB’s Care and Treatment centres (6.0-7.6%) when multi-drug ARV prophylaxis was initiated. • Challenge: Many women diagnosed with HIV at PMTCT sites do not comply with referral to C&T facilities

  4. Objectives In January 2009, CBCHB initiated the CORE Study to investigate: • The proportion of HIV-positive mothers enrolled into C&T through two PMTCT-C&T referral systems • Uptake of combined antiretroviral therapy (i.e. multidrug ARV regimens containing SD-NVP+AZT and SD-NVP+AZT+3TC) for PMTCT was assessed • Vertical transmission rates according to the system of care used.

  5. Ethical Issues • CBCHB Institutional Review Board approved the study • Verbal informed consent was obtained prior to • HIV testing • Blood sample collection • Home visitation

  6. Methods • PMTCT sites within 50km from each of the CBCHB’s five C&T centres located in five geographical areas (Banso, Mbingo, Bamenda, Mutengene and Douala) were placed in alphabetical order within each geographical area and assigned a number. • Odd-numbered sites were assigned to System I and even-numbered sites were assigned to System II • System I: • Referred HIV-positive women from PMTCT sites to a C&T centre on the day of HIV diagnosis. • Linkage nurses followed up women who did not comply with enrolment at the C&T centre, drew blood for CD4 testing and referred them again to a C&T centre, irrespective of the results of the CD4 test • System II: • Referred HIV-positive women from PMTCT sites to a C&T centre depending on the results of a CD4 test. • Linkage nurses drew blood from HIV-positive women on the day of their HIV diagnosis and transported it to the nearest C&T centre for CD4 testing. • Women with CD4≤350 cells/mm3 were referred to a C&T centre for immediate ART initiation whereas women with CD4>350 cells/mm3 were given bi-therapy at the PMTCT site, and recommended to enrol at C&T centre.

  7. Methods Continued... • Data was collected from January 2009 to August 2010 • Medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) were calculated for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables respectively • Mixed effect models were used to: • Compare baseline characteristics between the systems of care • Compare the follow-up characteristics between the systems of care • Estimate the adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals for determinants of enrolment at C&T centre. • The following factors were adjusted for in the multivariable model: • Category of CD4 count value, • WHO stage, • Travel time to care and treatment site, • Possession of cell phone, • Employment status, • Gestation age and • Maternal age.

  8. Summary Results of CORE Study

  9. Baseline Characteristics of Women Diagnosed HIV-positive at Antenatal Clinics • 129 facilities (68 System I; 61 System II) • HIV disease more advanced by WHO staging in System II vs System I (p=0.03) • CD4 results: • System I ≤350 36.1%; missing 9.2% • System II ≤350 40.6%; missing 4.0% • p value: 0.045 <0.001 • No significant baseline differences between the two systems in: • Maternal age • Gestational age at first visit • Employment status • Owning a cell phone • Time to C&T site

  10. Treatment, prophylaxis and early infant diagnosis • Over 70% of mothers were enrolled in C&T (System I 71.6%, System II 74.8% p=0.97) • CD4 ≤ 350 in 38.5% overall of 699 tested • Of those, 59.5 % in System I and 67.9 % in System II were on HAART (p=0.02) • More of System I women than System II had missing data on prophylaxis/treatment (22.0% vs 16.8% p=0.001) • Of the 849 live born babies, 85% received AZT/NVP prophylaxis with similar rates in both systems. • Of 515 babies tested by PCR, 9 System I babies (3.5%) vs 7 System II babies (2.7%) were positive (p=0.60)

  11. Determinants for Enrollment in Care and Treatment • System of care not significant predictor of enrollment • Women with WHO stages III or IV were 2.6 times more likely to be enrolled than those with Stages I or II (p=0.02) • The longer the travel time, the lower the enrollment rate • Women who had cell phones were 2.3 times more likely to be enrolled than those without (p<0.01) • Employed women were 1.4 times more likely to be enrolled than unemployed women (p=0.01)

  12. Pregnant Women listening to ANC Lecture

  13. Pregnant Women listening to ANC Lecture

  14. Challenges/Study Limitations • Transport cost for staff and patient movement between PMTCT and C&T sites • Many staff needed to reinforce referral • Refusal to participate (clients & PMTCT sites) • High rates of missing data for prophylaxis and treatment regimens • Lack of funding to follow up all women and their babies after delivery

  15. Conclusion • Overall, over 70% of HIV-positive mothers were enrolled into C&T (71.6% in system I and 74.8% in system II p=0.97) • Of the women with CD4 ≤350, 59.5% of System I and 67.9% of System II were on HAART (p=0.02) • Vertical transmission rates were 3.5% in System I and 2.7% in System II (p=0.60) • In System II, women had blood drawn at first ANC and were sent to referral labs for testing. This strategy resulted in significantly more women having CD4 test results, and higher proportion of those with CD4 ≤350 on HAART • The use of referral staff to promote PMTCT-C&T linkages and to provide optimal PMTCT prophylaxis is feasible.

  16. Acknowledgements • Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) • Ministry of Public Health Cameroon • University of North Carolina • HIV Research Trust • HIV-Positive mothers who participated • Staff at C&T facilities • PMTCT staff at all participating facilities • Regional AIDS coordinators, North West, South West and Littoral Regions

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