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Density. ρ = m/V. Concentration. C = m/V. mg/L (g/m 3 ), μ g/L, ppm , ppb. Molarity Mass percent Volume percent Mole fraction. Figure 2.1 Schematic of cylinder described in Example 2.4. Gas phase. ppmv = volume or mole fraction multiplied by 10 6.
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Density ρ = m/V
Concentration C = m/V mg/L (g/m3), μg/L, ppm, ppb Molarity Mass percent Volume percent Mole fraction
Gas phase ppmv = volume or mole fraction multiplied by 106 = (volume of pollutant gas/volume of gas mixture) 106 = (moles of pollutant gas/total moles of gas mixture) 106 Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT STP = 0oC, 1 atmosphere pressure 1 mole V = nRT/P = 1 mole (0.08206) (273 + 0)/ 1 atm = 22.4 L At 25oC, 1 atm V = 24.5 L
Dalton’s Law P = ΣPi = RT/V Σ ni Mole fraction ya ya = na/n = Pa/P
Flow rates Volume flow rates, Q gpm, MGD, CFS Mass flow rates, Qv Kg/hr, lbm/hr With a dissolved constituent Qm = C X Q
Figure 2.3 Illustrating the concepts of accuracy and precision: (a) accuracy, (b) precision, (c) accuracy with precision.