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Chapter 12. Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance. p. 340. *The Causes of the Renaissance*. Because of the Crusades, and the new trade routes, contact with more advanced civilizations The Church, due to the scandals that occurred, lost much of its power
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Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance
*The Causes of the Renaissance* • Because of the Crusades, and the new trade routes, contact with more advanced civilizations • The Church, due to the scandals that occurred, lost much of its power • Due to trade, the middle class grew, and people began to accumulate vast sums of money.. • Competition between wealthy people for status led to developments in education and art, Patronage
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance • Renaissance = Rebirth • An essential element of the Renaissance was the beginning of humanism, which glorified the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. • Urban Society • Emphasis on individual ability
The Making of Renaissance Society • Economic Recovery • Italian cities lose economic supremacy • Hanseatic League- economic and defensive confederation of free towns in northern Germany • Manufacturing • Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy • Banking • Florence and the Medici
Social Changes in the Renaissance • The Nobility • Reconstruction of the Aristocracy • Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population • Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) • The Book of the Courtier (1528) it describes the conduct of the perfect courtier, the qualities of a noble lady,
Peasants and Townspeople • Peasants • Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population • Decline of manorial system and serfdom • Urban Society • Patricians • Petty politicians, shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guildsmen • The Poor and Unemployed • Slaves
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy • Arranged Marriages • Father-husband head of family • Wife managed household • Childbirth • Sexual Norms
Italian States in the Renaissance • Five Major Powers • Milan • Venice • Florence • The Medici • The Papal States (Rome) • Kingdom of Naples • The Role of Women • France and Spain fight over the peninsula • Modern diplomatic system
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) • The Prince- is a handbook for rulers, he suggested that ruthless cunning is appropriate to the conduct of government Machiavellian has come to mean deceitful, unscrupulous, and manipulative. • Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power
*The Four Aspects of Humanism* • Admiration and emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. • Philosophy of enjoying this life, instead of just waiting for the next one. • The glorification of humans and the belief that individuals are can do anything. • The belief that humans deserved to be the center of attention
Italian Renaissance Humanism • Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature • Petrarch (1304 – 1374) He strongly advocated the continuity between Classical culture and the Christian messageCivic Humanism – Florence • Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) first modern historian • New Cicero (from this we get the word humanism) • Humanism and Philosophy • Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) • Translates Plato’s dialogues • Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494) • Oration on the Dignity of Man ("Manifesto of the Renaissance".)
Education & The Impact of Printing • Education in the Renaissance • Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music • Education of Women • Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen • Francesco Guicciardini- best known for his history of Italy, which covers the period from 1492 to 1532 • The Impact of Printing • Johannes Gutenberg • Movable type (1445 – 1450) • Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) • The Spread of Printing
*Characteristics of Renaissance Art* • - Emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. • - Good use of depth in paintings. • - Linear (further away = smaller)and atmospheric (further away = hazier)perspective. • - Paintings began to have more detailed backgrounds. • - Not necessarily religious, more focus on earthly themes and humans. • - More realistic, geometrically precise and mathematically accurate. • - Subjects showing signs of more emotion. • - Contraposto posture, in which the subject is shifting his or her balance.
The Artistic Renaissance • Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) • David • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) • Church of San Lorenzo • Botticelli (1445-1510) • Primavera and Birth of Venus • Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) • Last Supper and Mona Lisa • Raphael (1483 – 1520) • School of Athens • Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) • The Sistine Chapel and The David
The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441) • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride • Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) • Adoration of the Magi • Music in the Renaissance • Guillaume Dufay
The European State in the Renaissance • The Renaissance State in Western Europe • France • Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) gains French territory • England • War of the Roses (The House of Lancaster (red rose) verses the House of York (white rose)) • Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Henry Tudor, Duke of Richmond, defeated the last Yorkish king, Richard III, and established the new Tudor dynasty • Abolished private armies of the aristocrats • Established the Court of Star Chamber which did not use juries and permitted torture to extract confessions • Use diplomacy to avoid wars • Kept taxes low Henry VII Stabilized England and raises her status
The European State in the Renaissance • Spain • After the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were married Unification of Castile and Aragón • They reorganized the military and created and built the best army in Europe by the 16th century • Religious uniformity The two “Most Catholic” monarchs had achieved absolute religious orthodoxy—to be Spanish was to be Catholic This would cause the • The Inquisition: Converts were effected • they expelled all Jew and Muslims • Conquest of Granada: They attack and expel all Muslims from Spain and unify the country
Central and Eastern • Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire • Habsburg Dynasty Through marriages, the Hapsburgs gained international power • Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) Charles, Maximilian’s grandson, became heir to the Habsburg, Burgundian, and Spanish lines, making him the leading monarch of his age • The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe • Poland- Different ethnic and religious groups could not get along • Hungary-Hungary became one of the most significant countries in Europe under King Matthias Corvinus, Broke the power of the wealthy lords, Patronized the humanist culture and Brought Italian scholars and artists to his capital
Central and Eastern • Russia Since the 13th century, Russia had been under the domination of the Mongols • Ivan III (1462-1505) was able to take advantage of dissention within the Mongols to through off their yoke by 1480
Ottoman Empires • Eastern Europe was increasingly threatened by the Ottoman Empire • The Byzantine Empire had served as a buffer between the Muslim Middle East and the Latin West for centuries • The Empire was weakened by the sack of Constantinople in 1204 • The threat of the Ottomans finally doomed the Byzantine Empire • Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453
The Church in the Renaissance • The Problem of Heresy and Reform • John Hus (1374 – 1415) • Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy • Burned at the stake (1415) • Church Councils • The Papacy • The Renaissance Papacy • Julius II (1503 – 1513) • “Warrior Pope” • Nepotism • Patrons of Culture • Leo X (1513 – 1521)
