Chinese and mexican Revolutions

1. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present Chinese and mexican Revolutions

2. Chinese revolution

3. Partner Discussion Question • What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900? Give TWO examples. Use the map for some extra insights!!!

4. China Revolution - Background • China dominated by imperialist powers • Government = Conservative and anti-foreign (remember the Boxer Rebellion!) • BUT…Gov’t blamed for being weak due to the domination of foreigners

5. Chinese Revolution (1911-1912) • Decline of the Qing • Failed to modernize China • Didn’t confront foreign powers • Series of uprising and revolts mostly fought by peasants (as is the case in the decline of EVERY Chinese dynasty) • Leadership of 1911 uprising is based on cooperation between intellectual elite (including Communists) and provincial Chinese warlords • The Guomingdang (Nationalist) Party is formed

6. Group Discussion Question • What difficulties might a newly formed government face in China in 1912? Who would the government want to appeal to (peasants, industrialists, intellectuals, military, etc.)?

7. China (Civil War) - Roots • 1912 - China becomes a republic under Sun Yat-sen • Chinese warlords overthrow the republican government and Sun Yat-Sen flees to Japan • Other warlords (old provincial governors) fight the Nationalist Party for power • 1928 – Sun Yat-sen’s successor, Chiang Kai-shek, eventually leads the Nationalists to power

8. Chinese Civil War (Roots) Sun Yat-sen

9. Chinese Civil War • Under Chiang Kai-shek living conditions of the peasants do not improve • Communists – supported by peasants • Nationalists were seen as corrupt and favoring the elite and business classes • The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, oppose the Nationalist government • Mao forms the Red Army to fight against the Nationalist government

10. Chinese Civil War Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-Shek

11. Group Discussion Question • What disadvantages did the Communist party and Red Army face in fighting against the Nationalists? What advantages did the Communist and Red Army have?

12. Chinese Civil War • The Nationalists win many victories against the Communist Red Army • Chiang and his Nationalist army surround the Red Army • The Long March – Red Army retreats -started with 100,000 men and ends with 8,000 • 1939 - Communist and Nationalist join forces to fight against Japanese invasion • Saves the Communist movement

13. The Long March

14. Chinese Civil War • After WWII – Civil War continues • 1949 – Mao’s Communist forces defeat Chiang’s Nationalist forces • Communist forces used weapons given to them by the Nationalists to fight the Japanese • Increased support from the Soviet Union • Western democracies abandon support for Chiang • Chiang/Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan off the coast of China • Mao/Communists in charge of mainland China • Separation of China still exists today • Taiwan (Republic of China)

15. Retreat of Nationalist Forces

16. Partner Question • What did the Communists believe was needed for China to become self-sufficient in the post-World War II era? How might China achieve this goal? (HINT: Think about Japan in the 1880s!!!)

17. China – Great Leap Forward • Chinese communists want to build a better, more industrialized economy • People worked in “communes” – large gov’t controlled cooperatives (work groups) • Peasants made steel in their backyards • Ultimately a disaster – 20 million people starved as production on farms slashed

18. China – Great Leap Forward

19. China – the Cultural Revolution • Ideological division in China’s Communist Party • Pragmatists – wanted practical reforms • Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to take power away from pragmatists • Red Guards – students who supported Mao • Attacked teachers, people in authority • Red Guard uses extreme force to conduct the Cultural Revolution • 1968 – Mao uses Red Army to put a stop to the Cultural Revolution

20. China – the Cultural Revolution

21. China – the Four Modernizations • 1976 – Mao dies • Deng Xiaoping gained power • Four Modernizations • Improvements in agriculture, industry, science, defense • End commune system – some private property • Attract foreign investment • Create more efficient factories operating on principles of supply and demand

22. China Deng Xiaoping

23. Group Discussion Question • In the Four Modernizations, what aspect of the Chinese people’s lives is missing? What does Deng NOT address that the people may desire?

24. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) • Deng’s policy led to free enterprise (state capitalism) – but no political freedoms • Students protested for more open political system in Tiananmen Square • Protest brutally put down by government • 1,000’s killed, many other imprisoned

25. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

26. Mexican Revolution

27. Partner Discussion Question • What aspect of Mexican society would have been most likely to have caused a political revolution? (HINT: Think about the early Latin American Revolutions in the early 1800s!!)

28. Mexican Revolution - Background • Rigid social order remains • Creoles • Mestizos • Africans • Native Americans • United States has great influence over Mexican economy (railroads, oil production, banking) • Mexican Presidency – “job for life” position • President Porfirio Diaz looking to grow Mexican industry with foreign capital

29. Porforio Diaz

30. Mexican Revolution - Background • The Effects of the “Porfiriato” (or Policy of Porforio) • Foreign and Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican workers and Mexican middle class • Did nothing to improve the lives of the poorest Mestizos • Neglected education • Confiscated ejidos (or common lands)

31. Ejidos

32. Mexican Revolution • By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz • Political and social turmoil resulted • Diaz said he was ready to retire • Diaz reneges on his promise, jails his opponent (Francisco Madero), and the election results in widespread voter fraud • Revolts occur. • 1911 – Diaz is overthrown and exiled

33. Mexican Revolution • Francisco Madero – despite being a wealthy landowner, promises agrarian reform • Doesn’t fulfill his promise • New rivals for influence among peasants/reformers emerge • Emiliano Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico • Francisco “Pancho” Villa – organized peasants from Northern Mexico

34. Francisco Madero Emilio Zapata “Pancho” Villa

35. The Mexican Revolution • Huerta and the US • 1913 - Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero • Mexican general • Conspires with US Ambassador to overthrow the Madero gov’t • However, the US Gov’t doesn’t recognize this gov’t and sends forces to occupy the city of Vera Cruz (1914) • Carranza • The US backs Venustian Carranza, a politician more friendly to the US • Zapata and Villa both fight Huerta as well

36. Mexican Revolution Victoriano Huerta Venustian Carranza

37. The Mexican Revolution • Huerta is defeated and Carranza becomes President • Carranza begins to gain support of peasants with promises of a new constitution • Zapata and Villa now fight against Carranza • Villa conducts raids in southwestern US • US sends troops into Mexico to capture Villa but FAIL

38. Chasing “Pancho” Villa US General Pershing

39. Group Discussion Question • We have seen SEVERAL Mexican mini-revolutions… why do revolutions keep occurring? What does the new president and his government fail to do?

40. The Mexican Constitution • Ratified on January 31st, 1917 • Universal suffrage • Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry • Limits work day to 8 hours • Establishes a minimum wage • Requires land reform

41. Mexican Revolution - Aftermath • Zapata is tricked into capture and is executed in 1917 • Villa agrees to a peace deal with Carranza but is later assassinated in 1923 • Who gains? • Mexican middle class, some Mexican workers, Indian culture (e.g. murals of Diego Rivera) • PRI – the Institutionalized Revolutionary Party • Picks Mexican leaders • Little real democracy • Who gains the least? • Poorest Mexican agricultural workers • Poorly paid • Illiterate

42. Diego Rivera

43. Mexican Peasants