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Apartheid

Apartheid. Map of South Africa. Early Settlement. In 1652, Dutch settlers arrived in South Africa. These settlers came to be known as ‘Boers’ because Boer is the Dutch word for farmer. The Boers thought that their new home was empty, but it was a homeland for nomadic Bantu people.

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Apartheid

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  1. Apartheid

  2. Map of South Africa Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  3. Early Settlement • In 1652, Dutch settlers arrived in South Africa. • These settlers came to be known as ‘Boers’ because Boer is the Dutch word for farmer. • The Boers thought that their new home was empty, but it was a homeland for nomadic Bantu people. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  4. The Bantus attempted to fight for their land, but their spears were no match for European guns. • The Boers enslaved many of the Bantus and forced them to work on the colonists’ farms. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  5. British Control of South Africa • Great Britain gained control of South Africa in 1806, during the period of Napoleonic Wars in Europe. • The Boers were unhappy with British rule and became even angrier when the British outlawed slavery in 1835. • The Boers (also known as Afrikaners) established new colonies in Orange Free State and the Transvaal to avoid English domination. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  6. The Boer Wars • The discovery of diamonds in Orange Free State and the Transvaal in the latter part of the 19th century sparked British attempts to control these lands as well. • The first Boer war (1880-1881) ended in failure for the British, as the Boers were able to resist annexation of their territory by the British empire. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  7. The second Boer war (1899-1902) was a much more protracted battle, which involved many colonies fighting on behalf of the British, including Canada. • The British were ultimately successful in gaining control of the entire resource-rich region and an uneasy power-sharing arrangement developed between the English and Boer settlers. • Blacks were pushed off the land or forced to work in the diamond mines and on farms. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  8. South African Independence • South Africa gained its independence from Britain in 1910, but the new constitution, which ensured white domination over blacks by not allowing blacks to vote, was heavily influenced by the Afrikaner delegates, who were much more interested in distancing themselves from direct British control in order to have greater autonomy in the former colony. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  9. Vocabulary Builder Apartheid– which means ‘apartness’ in Afrikaans was a policy of segregating and discriminating against non-whites in South Africa. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  10. The Birth of Apartheid • In 1948, the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority in the government, which led to the adoption of a series of laws to extend and ensure the domination of whites over blacks in the country. • These laws were designed to segregate blacks from whites and touched every aspect of social life. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  11. Race Laws A number of laws were passed to establish the apartheid structure of government. The three most important blocks of legislation were: • The Race Classification Act. Every citizen suspected of not being European was classified according to race. • The Mixed Marriages Act. It prohibited marriage between people of different races. • The Group Areas Act. It forced people of certain races into living in designated areas. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  12. Race laws effected every aspect of life for South Africans. • It provided whites with access to the most privileged suburbs, education, jobs and positions, even to the extent of exclusive access to beaches, theatres, parks, bridges and public toilets. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  13. In 1958, the government separated black people from white people by making blacks live on reserves, or ‘homelands’. • Many blacks also lived in shanty towns – overcrowded towns full of poorly built shacks on the edges of cities. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  14. Enforcement • The government enforced apartheid ruthlessly. • Black people had to carry a pass giving them permission to travel in ‘white’ areas, and these passes would only be permitted for the purposes of going to and from work. • Torture and abuse by the police was commonplace and condoned as necessary to control any opposition or defiance. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  15. Resistance and Repression • There were widespread attempts to protest against the apartheid system in the 1950s. • The African National Congress (ANC) movement, which was established in 1912 to oppose discrimination against blacks, began developing more unified opposition, but they faced various laws that gave the government draconian powers to suppress opposition. • As large-scale anti-pass demonstrations and marches broke out in Cape Town and elsewhere in 1960, a State of Emergency was declared, and the ANC was banned. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  16. The Silent Years • In the 1960s the breadth of apartheid laws and the power of the police made it impossible to legally protest against the system. • Opposition groups were banned and many leaders were exiled or jailed. Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison and sent to Robben Island. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  17. Soweto Uprising • The shanty towns became centers for black groups who resisted apartheid. • On June 16, 1976, between 15,000 and 20,000 students in Soweto township began protesting a law that would force students to learn certain subjects in the Afrikaan language. They were also opposed the disparity in funding between white and black students in South Africa. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  18. 1,500 heavily armed police officers were deployed to Soweto on June 17th armed with automatic rifles and stun guns. • The police opened fire on the unarmed students and killed upwards of 500 people. • The official government figure was 23 dead. • The killings made headlines around the world and caused a storm of protest against apartheid and the South African regime. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  19. The End of Apartheid • In the 1980s, blacks increased their actions against the apartheid government. • F.W. de Klerk was elected president of South Africa in 1989 with a commitment to reform. • International pressure led to the release of Nelson Mandela from prison on February 11th, 1990 after 27 years imprisonment. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  20. In 1994, the first elections that allowed all South Africans to vote—black and white—led to the election of Nelson Mandela as president. • F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for bringing about a ‘peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa’. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  21. Take Home Points • Early settlement of South Africa was a combination of Dutch (Boer) farmers and later British colonists. • Conflicts between these two groups led to war, which eventually resulted in an uneasy power-sharing arrangement. • South Africa gained independence from Britain in 1910 and, by 1948, Africaners controlled the white-only government and Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

  22. began instituting racial segregation laws to ensure control over the majority black population. • Oppressive laws and brutality were constant elements of the apartheid regime over the next several decades until international pressure brought an end to the apartheid era in 1994 with the election of Nelson Mandela as the first Black president of South Africa. Related Issue #2 – To What Extent Should Contemporary Society Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization?

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