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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups

Learn about functional groups in organic chemistry and their impact on properties of compounds. Focus on important functional groups like halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides. Practice naming compounds with detailed examples.

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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups

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  1. Organic Chemistry:Functional GroupsNomenclature

  2. Functional groups • Functional groups are parts of molecules that result in characteristic features • Note the chemical and physical properties of a compound e.g. properties such as boiling and melting point change due to functional groups • About 100 functional groups exist, we will focus on about 10 • Useful to group the infinite number of possible organic compounds

  3. SummaryReference Table 1 p 93

  4. Organic Halides • Halogens attached to a carbon chain are named as a side chain. • The following prefixes are assigned • F-flouro Cl- chloro Br-bromo I-iodo • The location and number is identified • E.g. 1,2-dichloro-ethane • HW: Organic halides Q 1,2 p.33

  5. Try Naming These

  6. More practice 4-bromo-7-methyl-2-nonene 2,5-dibromo-6-chloro-1,3-cycloheptadiene 5-fluoro-7,7-dimethyl-2,4-octadiene

  7. Alcohols • Alcohols contain polar hydroxyl groups • -OH • Named by using the ending –ol • The location is given e.g. 2-propanol • HW: Alcohols: Q 1-3 p. 41

  8. 4C alcohols 1-butanol 2-butanol 1-isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol 2-isobutanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol

  9. Ethers • Contain a C-O-C • Named by identify the carbon groups as side chains • E.g. methyl methyl ether • HW: Ethers: Q 11 p 46

  10. Ethers methyl propyl ether isopropyl methyl ether diethyl ether

  11. Aldehydes and Ketones • Contain a carbonyl group C=O • In aldehydes the C=O is located at the end • Named by adding the ending –al • E.g propanal • In ketones the C=O is located in the middle • Named by stating the location and adding the ending –one • e.g. 2-propanone • HW: Aldehydes & Ketones Q 1-3 p 51

  12. Aldehydes butanal isobutanal, 2-methylpropanal

  13. Ketones 2-butanone, (butanone)

  14. Carboxylic Acids • Contains a carboxyl group • The group is polar and can have a negative charge • The hydrogen on the hydroxyl group can be released to make the substance acidic • Named with the ending oic acid • HW: Carboxylic Acid Q 1&2 p 60

  15. Carboxylic acids butanoic acid isobutanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid

  16. Esters • Esters form from a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid • Triglicerides contain the ester functional group HW: Esters: Q 11-12 p 66

  17. Esters methyl propanoate

  18. Esters ethyl ethanoate propyl methanoate isopropyl methanoate

  19. Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl • Q: which functional groups contain a hydroxyl group? • A carbonyl group? • A carboxyl group?

  20. Amines • Contain an amino group -NH2 • Can be at the end of the chain or have up to 3 chains bonded to it • HW: Amines Q 2,3 p 72

  21. butylamine Amines diethylamine methylpropylamine isopropylmethylamine ethyldimethylamine

  22. Amides • Contains • Present in proteins • HW: Amides Q 4-6 p 76

  23. Amides butanamide isobutanamide, 2-methyl-propanamide For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com

  24. HW: Putting it all together: Q 3,5,6 p 96

  25. Practice Naming Functional Groups Alcohols 2-propanol 1-propanol Ethers Acids Ethyl methyl ether Propanoic acid Esters Methyl ethanoate Ethyl methanoate

  26. C H C H N H 3 2 C H 3 Aldehydes Ketones 2-propanone propanal Amines propylamine trimethylamine ethylmethylamine Amides propanamide isopropylamine

  27. Alcohols Ethers dimethyl ether ethanol Acids Esters ethanoic acid methyl methanoate Aldehydes Ketones No ketones are possible (3 C minimum) ethanal Amines Amides dimethylamine ethanamide ethylamine

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