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History Review through The Middle English Period

History Review through The Middle English Period. Michael Cheng National Chengchi University. NORMANS William I 1066-1087 William II 1087-1100 Henry I 1100-1135 Stephen 1135-1154 Empress Matilda 1141 (Queen Maud). PLANTAGENETS Henry II 1154-1189 Richard I 1189-1199 John 1199-1216

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History Review through The Middle English Period

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  1. History Review throughThe Middle English Period Michael Cheng National Chengchi University

  2. NORMANS William I 1066-1087 William II 1087-1100 Henry I 1100-1135 Stephen 1135-1154 Empress Matilda 1141 (Queen Maud) PLANTAGENETS Henry II 1154-1189 Richard I 1189-1199 John 1199-1216 Henry III 1216-1272 Edward I 1272-1307 Edward II 1307-1327 Edward III 1327-1377 Richard II 1377-1399 Kings of England

  3. French is the prestige language • Used in government, literature, and by the nobility • The kings all spent time in Normandy and married Norman wives • French was their first language

  4. Stephen 1135-1154 vs. Empress Matilda 1141 • Henry I son died in a shipwreck, so he settled on passing the crown to his daughter. • Matilda was already a widow, and remarried to the young French Count of Anjou. • Many barons rejected her and supported Henry’s nephew Stephen instead. • Civil war ensued until a compromise was reached: Stephen would remain king, but his heir would be Matilda’s child.

  5. History Review: Henry II 1154-1189 • Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 • He becomes King Henry II of England two years later. • Henry grew up in France and spent most of his time there while he was king.

  6. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  7. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  8. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  9. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  10. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  11. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  12. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  13. From H. Littlefield, 2006

  14. History Review: Richard I 1189-1199 • Left for a crusade in 1189 • Imprisoned on his way home in 1192 • Did not return until 1194 • John lost Normandy while Richard was away. • Richard waged war on France. Died from an arrow wound.

  15. History Review: John 1199-1216 • Called John Lackland and John Softsword • Arthur, the son of his older brother contested his right to the throne

  16. History Review: John 1199-1216 • Brittany, Maine, and Anjou declared for Arthur • Arthur was supported by Philip II, the King of France • Philip switches his support to John after John swears vassalage to Philip

  17. History Review: John 1199-1216 • 1200 John meets 12(14?) year old Isabelle d'Angoulême, the “Helen” of the middle ages. • John annuls his marriage, Isabelle breaks her engagement, and the two marry • Her betrothed complains to the king of France. • Philip summons his vassal to the French court. John ignores the summons • Philip seizes Normandy

  18. Loss of English territory in France • 1204/5 Philip seizes land of French barons living in England. John seizes the land of English barons living in France. Nobles must choose which side to pledge allegiance to.

  19. History Review: John 1199-1216 • John taxes the people to wage war against France • Upset barons rebel (First Baron’s War) and force John to sign the Magna Carta

  20. History Review: John 1199-1216 • Loss of Normandy separates England from the continent and the English language grows in importance. • English nobles no longer have a reason to consider themselves to also be French.

  21. History Review: Henry III 1216-1272 • 9 years old at start of reign • 1233 dismisses English advisors • 1236 marries Eleanor of Provence • Brought in many French advisors, who are hated by the English nobles.

  22. History Review: Henry III 1216-1272 • Barons revolt against Henry • 1258-1265 Second Baron’s War • 1258 Provisions of Oxford set up a council of 24 men to oversee the appointments of the king. This decree was published in Latin, French, and English. • Nobles no longer learning French natively. About 1250 Walter of Bibbesworth writes a treatise to teach noble children French.

  23. History Review: Edward I 1272-1307 • English grows in importance to the nobles • 1295 to rally support for his war against France, Edward addressed parliament and said that the King of France wishes to “wipe out the English tongue”

  24. History Review: Edward II1307-1327 • By the end of the 13th century, monasteries at Canterbury and Westminster need to require that their students use French • Oxford U requires its students to know French and English

  25. Historical Map of France in 1314 - Prior to the Hundred Years' War

  26. History Review: Edward III 1327-1377 • 1337 The Hundred Years’ War against France begins • English victories: • 1346 Crecy • 1356 Poiters • 1415 Agincourt ( lead by Henry V)

  27. Historical Map of France in 1360 - After the First English Invasion

  28. History Review: Edward III 1327-1377 • War with France decreases commercial contact with France, lessening the need to know French • Feelings of nationalism promote the use of English among the people • 1332 Parliament decrees nobles should teach their children French

  29. History Review: Edward III 1327-1377 • 1356 Mayor and Aldermen of London order court proceeding to be done in English • 1362 Chancellor opens Parliament in English • 1344-1400 Chaucer

  30. History Review: Edward III 1327-1377 • 1348-1350 The Black Plague • 30% of population died causing a labor shortage • 1351 Statute of Laborers • You could not leave your lord • You could not be paid more

  31. History Review: Richard II 1377-1399 • 1381 Peasant’s revolt: Wat Tyler’s rebellion • Peasant class becomes more important • English rises in importance

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