Reform in American Culture 1820 - 1860

1. Reform in American Culture1820 - 1860 To change or not to change, that is the question 2,3,4,9,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,32,34,58,62,67,69 Essay 4, 9

2. Education • William H. McGuffey • McGuffey Readers-Grade school books morality, patriotism and idealism • Noah Webster • American Dictionary of the English Languagestandardized American English • Emma Willard • the first American woman publicly to support higher education for women

3. Education Cont’ • Horace Mann • The father of American public school education • to increase the availability and quality of free, nondenominational public schools • morality and discipline • tax supported public schools

4. Immigration • British Isles (Ireland) • failure of the potato crop • Northern Europe (Germany) • Ship technology improvements • The South attracted the least number

5. Immigration Cont’ • Poorer immigrants lived in the cities while those with some money farmed in the West • Nativism (Anti Immigration) • The formation of the Know Nothing party • Anti-Catholicism

6. Second Great Awakening 1820’s • Characteristics • Reaction against the growing liberalism of religion • Revival meetings and traveling circuit riders. Charles Grandison Finney & Peter Cartwright • Led to greater church membershipPresbyterian & Methodist • Led to reform movements:Abolition, Temperance

7. Second Great Awakening Cont’ • Burned over district 1830’s • Site of numerous upstate New York revival meetings

8. Women • Cult of Domesticity • Moral leader and educator of the family • Traditional role of woman-Republican Motherhood • Industrialization emphasized differences between men and women

9. Women • Cult of True Womanhood • Break away from homemaker role and seek greater rights for women • Voting • Participation in reform movements: temperance and abolition • Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

10. Women Cont’ • Seneca Falls Convention -1848 • “women’s rights convention • Declaration of Sentiments: “All men and women are created equal” • This movement was overshadowed by political events, but was the beginning of the women’s movement

11. Utopian Societies • Wanted to perfect society • New Harmony: Robert Owen 1825 • Brook Farm 1841: Transcendentalist society • Shakers: 1770’s- Religious community led by Mother Ann Lee

12. Utopian Societies • The Oneida Community 1811 • believed it liberated women from • the demands of male "lust" • traditional bonds of family • eugenics • eventually became a dominant manufacturer of silver

13. Temperance (no booze) • German and Irish immigrants often opposed • Advocated the legal prohibition of alcohol • Protestant clergymen leaders • Most popular Jacksonian era reform movements

14. Penal Institutions • Dorthea Dix • Discovery of the confinement of the mentally ill in local jails • Prisons and asylums reform

15. Abolitionist Movement • Slavery to the forefront of the reform movement • overshadow the others after 1830

16. Abolitionist Movement Cont’ • William Lloyd Garrison and the American Antislavery Society • Immediate emancipation of slaves with compensation to owners • The Liberator • Harriet Beecher Stowe –Uncle Tom’s Cabin