Module 16 operational thinking

1. Module 16operational thinking

2. Operational thinking • Operant Conditioning – A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior

3. The Law Effect • Definition: created by Edward Thornop, and it states behaviors with favorable consequences are more likely to occur than behaviors with less favorable consequences. • B.F. Skinner – Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of Operant Conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world • Example: Teaching rats to press a bar for food (positive reinforcement)

4. Reinforcement • Reinforcement – Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior • Positive Reinforcement: Behavior followed by positive event or state. • Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when a behavior ends in undesirable event or state.

6. Punishment • Punishment – Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior • Punishment can sometimes lead to fear and anxiety • Time out • Burned by hot stove

8. Types of Reinforcement • Primary Reinforcement – Something that is naturally reinforcing such as food, warmth, and water • Secondary Reinforcement – Something that you have learned to value such as money

9. Reinforcement Procedures

10. Shaping • Shaping – When you positively reinforce behaviors that move closer to the target behavior • You have to provide encouragement even when children fail at a task. • You must also provide positive reinforcement that moves closer and closer to the target behavior.

11. Discrimination and Extinction • Discrimination: ability to distinguish between two similar signals or stimuli. • Extinction: loss of behavior when no consequence follows it.

12. Schedules of Reinforcement

13. Continuous Reinforcement Schedules – Rewards follow every correct response • Partial Reinforcement Schedule – Reward follows only some correct responses

14. Fix interval schedule • Rewards only the first correct response after some defined time period

15. Variable interval Schedule • Requires a period of time to pass before a correct response is awarded • Ex: rat doesn’t know award interval

16. Fixed Variable Ratio • Requires a certain number of correct responses before reinforcement occurs

17. Variable Ratio • Requires a number of correct responses before reinforcement, but the number is unpredictable because of changes after each reinforcement

18. The Role of Cognition • Latent Learning- Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has a incentive to demonstrate it • Cognitive map- mental representation of a place • Over justification effect- the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation, so that the behaviors stop if the reward is eliminated.