Chapter 5 Slide Show Podcast

1. Chapter 5-1 Energy & Living thingsEnergy Flows Between Organisms in Living Systems-most energy needed for metabolism comes form the sun-energy from the sun enters when plant, algae, and bacteria absorb it--some energy is captured and used to make organic compounds-organic compounds store chemical energy and can serve as food for some organismsBuilding Molecules that Store Energy-metabolism involves using energy to build molecules or to break them down in which the energy was storedPhotosynthesis: is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy.Autototrophs: organisms that use energy form sunlight or inorganic substances to make organic compounds-most autotrophs are photosynthetic organisms-some autotrophs use chemical energy from inorganic substances to make organic compoundsFlow of Energy:-Energy flows from sunlight or inorganic substances to autotrophs, such as grasses, and then to heterotrophs, such as rabbits and foxes1. Plants convert light energy to chemical energy. Plants use this chemical energy for cellular respiration.2. Rabbits get energy by eating plants. Rabbits use this energy for cellular respiration.3. Foxes get energy by eating rabbits. Foxes use this energy for cellular respiration.Breaking Down Food for Energy

2. -the chemical energy in organic compounds can be transferred to other organisms or to organisms that consume food.Heterotrophs: organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances-they get energy from cellular respirationCellular Respiration: a metabolic process similar to burning fuel-it makes ATP-ATP provides cells with energy they need to carry out the activities of lifeCells Transfer Energy from Food to ATP-in cells chemical energy stored in food molecules is released gradually in a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions-sometimes energy is released as heat-much of the energy is stored as ATP-ATP delivers energy whenever and wherever energy is needed in a cell- Energy released form ATP can power other chemical reactionsATP Stores and Releases Energy-ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

3. Chapter 5-2 PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Organic Use the Energy in SunlightPhotosynthesis:Photosynthesis is the process that provides energy for almost all life. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plan cells and algae and in the cell membrane of certain bacteria. Chloroplasts structure is like green jelly beans filled with many little stacks of pancakes (thylakoids). The location of this organelle is floating around inside of a plant cell. Photosynthesis occurs in light-dependent reactions and photosynthetic reactions.Photosynthesis Reactions:Stage 1. Energy is captured from sunlightStage 2. Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporality stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH+Stage 3. The chemical energy stored in ATP NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide, CO2.Examples of organisms that use this process: plants and some bacteriaCalvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar.Step 1. In carbon fixation, each molecule of carbon dioxide, CO2, is added to a five-carbon compound by an enzyme.Step 2. The resulting six-carbon compounds splits into two three-carbon compounds. Phosphate groups from ATP and electrons from NADPH are added to the three-carbon compounds, forming three-carbon sugars.Step 3. One of the resulting three-carbon sugars is used to make organic compounds—including carbohydrates such as starch and sucrose—in which energy is stored for later use by the organism.Step 4. The other three-carbon sugars are used to regenerate the initial five-carbon compound

4. Chapter 5-3 Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Produces ATPCells acquire energy by means of Cellular Respiration. Cellular Respiration produces ATP. The process of oxidizing: the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons. This always occurs accompanied by reduction. Oxidation releases energy when the substances bond with a hydrogen atom is broken. It can also refer to a general increase in the proportion of oxygen in a molecule. This might or might not involve adding more oxygen to a molecule, or removing other types that would naturally increase the amount of oxygen. Reduction is the act of decreasing or reducing something. Reduction is the change in the atomic composition of an atom or molecule by adding hydrogen, losing oxygen, or gaining electrons. In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called Glycolsis.Steps of GlycolysisStep 1. Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule.Step 2. The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds, each with a phosphate group.Step 3. Two NADPH molecules are produced, and one more phosphate group is transferred to each three-carbon compound.Step 4. Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process.PThe Citric Acid Cycle is one of 3 stages of cellular respiration. The others are Glycolysis and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate, producing 6 ATP. Pyruvate is used to make acetyl-CoA, the starting product for the citric acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle oxidizes 1 pyruvate, so it takes 2 turns to completely oxidize 1 glucose. Two turns produce 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP. NADH and FADH2 are then oxidatively phosphorylated, resulting in 28 more ATP. The 3 stages together produce 30 to 38 ATP. Electron transport chain-Click here to see the electron transport chain. The recycling of NAD+ using a organic acceptor is fermentation. The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). NAD is coenzymes that act as electron and hydrogen carriers in some oxidation-reduction reactions. NADH is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form). ATP is adenosine Triphosphate which a nucleotide present in all living cells which serves as an energy source for many metabolic processes and is required for ribonucleic acid synthesis. A nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions. ADP is adenosine diphosphate.ATP is used as an adenine, a ribose and a diphosphate unit.