1 / 16

HEMATOLOGY

HEMATOLOGY. STRUCTURE. iNTRODUCTION. Adult’s body has 8-10 pints of blood on average A loss of more than 2 pints at one time leads to a serious condition How much blood is “taken” when you donate blood?. COMPOSITION. Blood is made of : Plasma

feryal
Download Presentation

HEMATOLOGY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. HEMATOLOGY STRUCTURE

  2. iNTRODUCTION • Adult’s body has 8-10 pints of blood on average • A loss of more than 2 pints at one time leads to a serious condition • How much blood is “taken” when you donate blood?

  3. COMPOSITION • Blood is made of: • Plasma • Liquid portion of blood without its cellular elements • Serum • Name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed • Serum = plasma – (fibrinogen + prothrombin) • What are fibrinogen and prothrombin? (clue…look in your book!) • Cellular components • Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes • What are each?

  4. Cellular elements of blood (look at figure 12-1 pg 242 also)

  5. Blood plasma • Straw-colored • Comprising about 55% of the blood volume! • Contains 6 substances: • Water • Plasma proteins (all are formed in the liver) • Nutrients • Electrolytes • Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes • Metabolic waste products

  6. Realistic view of blood sample

  7. water • Makes up about 92% of the total plasma volume • Maintained by the kidneys and by water intake and output

  8. Plasma proteins • 3 proteins: • Fibrinogen • Necessary for blood clotting; without, a small cut or wound would bleed profusely • Serum albumin • Most abundant of all the plasma proteins • Helps to maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure and volume by providing “pulse pressure” needed to hold and pull water from the tissue fluid back into the vessels • Serum globulin • Also formed in the lymphatic system • Gamma globulin: helps in the making of antibodies • Prothrombin: helps blood coagulate • Vitamin K is necessary in aiding the process of prothrombin synthesis

  9. Nutrientselectrolytes • Absorbed from the digestive tract • Glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol, and amino acids are dissolved in the blood plasma • Most abundant are sodium chloride and potassium chloride • Come from foods and chemical processes occurring in the body

  10. Hormones, vitamins, enzymeswaste products • Found in very small amounts in the blood plasma • Generally help the body control its chemical reactions • All of the body’s cells are actively engaged in chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis • Waste products are formed and subsequently carried by the plasma to the various excretory organs • What are the excretory organs?

  11. Erythrocytes • Shape: biconcave discs, donut-shaped • Normal count ranges from 4.5-6.2 for men and 4.2-5.4 for women • Erythropoiesis: manufacture of RBCs • Vitamin B12 , folic acid, copper, cobalt, iron, and proteins are needed for production • Live for 120 days and broken down by the spleen and liver • Hemoglobin: breaks down into globin (protein) and heme (iron) • Provides the characteristic red color • Transports oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide away • Normal levels are 14-18 for men and 12-16 for women

  12. leukocytes • Larger than RBCs and granular or agranular • Normal count averages from 3,200-9,800 • Manufactured in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue • Body’s natural defense against injury and disease • 2 major groups of cells: • Granulocytes – live only a few days • Agranulocytes – live for a few days to several years

  13. granulocytes • Neutrophils • Phagocytize bacteria with lysosomal enzymes • Phagocytosis: process where WBCs surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria • Eosinophils • Phagocytize the remains of antibody-antigen reactions • Increase in great numbers in allergic conditions, malaria, and in parasite or worm infestations • Basophils • Activated during an allergic reaction or inflammation • Produce histamine and heparin • Histamine and heparin do what?

  14. agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • B-lymphocytes: made in bone marrow • T-lymphocytes: made in the thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen • Both help the body by making and releasing antibody molecules and by protecting against the formation of cancer cells • Monocytes • Formed in the bone marrow and spleen • Assist in phagocytosis and are able to leave the bloodstream and attach to tissues (where they become tissue macrophages or histiocytes) • Histiocytes help wall off and isolate infected areas

  15. To summarize leukocytes, they help to protect the body from injury and infection by: • Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria • Synthesis of antibody molecules • “cleaning up” of cellular remnants at the site of inflammation • Walling off of the infected area See tables 12-2 and 12-3 pg 245

  16. Thrombocytes(Blood platelets) • Smallest of the solid components of the blood • Not cells but fragments of the megakaryocytes (see figure 12-1 again) • Normal count ranges from 250,000 to 450,000 • Function in the initiation of the blood clotting process • When a cut or wound occurs, platelets are stimulated to produce sticky projecting structures, that create a “platelet plug” to stop the bleeding

More Related