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Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Nutrients, Bacteria and Caffeine. Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps. Jean-Francois Bouffard, B.I.T. Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. April 16, 2005. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004. Introduction. Stream Study LEPA

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Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

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  1. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004Nutrients, Bacteria and Caffeine Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps Jean-Francois Bouffard, B.I.T. Aquality Environmental Consulting Ltd. April 16, 2005

  2. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Introduction • Stream Study • LEPA • AAFRD (Sarah Depoe) • AAFC-PFRA (Jason Vanrobaeys) • Caffeine • LEPA and Aquality • Bacteria • LEPA, ARHA, and Aquality Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  3. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Methods • Stream survey • 8 sites sampled during April 2004 • During spring thaw (April 1st, 5th, 7th, 12th, and 20th) • Parameters • Nutrients, bacteria, ions, metals and pesticides (1 Site) • Flow gauging Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  4. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  5. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Methods • Caffeine • May 21 (composite sampling) • 11 sites LLN – 3 bottles apiece • 2 streams • 2 beaches - Nakamun • Sept 7 – Follow up on May sampling – in lake only • Bacteria • In lake samples taken with ARHA during May 11th sampling Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  6. Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  7. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Results Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  8. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Results Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  9. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Results Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  10. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Results Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  11. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Results Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  12. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Discussion • Nutrients were highest in early April • TP and TN exceeded ASWQ guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life in 100% of the samples • NO2-N – 40% compliant • E.Coli – 91% compliant Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  13. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Discussion

  14. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 AAWQI Index Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  15. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Discussion • Typical of other Alberta Streams • CAESA/AESA study 1996-2003 • Lac la Nonne watershed considered to have moderate Ag intensity (Anderson, A-M, S.E.Cooke and N. MacAlpine. 1999) • Other watersheds of similar Ag intensity produce similar results Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  16. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Discussion • Bacteria showed decreasing trend • High counts at Site 1 and 3 indicate recent fecal contamination • Trace exact source using Microbial Source Tracking techniques Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  17. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Discussion • Only 1 pesticide (2-4, D) was detected • Extremely low levels • Toxic to fish at much higher levels, minimal effect on humans • Change timing of sample collection Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  18. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Discussion • The detection of caffeine in Lac la Nonne confirms that human sewage is entering the lake • Possible sources include • Older/leaky septic systems • Illegal dumping/release of septage • Improperly placed outhouses Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  19. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 The Next Step • Minimize runoff • Preserving riparian areas • Restore wetlands • Accurate nutrient budget • Debate over sources of nutrients • 57% from cleared lands (Mitchell and Prepas, 1991) • Uncertain other sources Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  20. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 The Next Step • Investigation into sources of human sewage • Septic tank inspections • Continue monitoring as a deterrent • Probably the easiest source of nutrients to control Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  21. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 The Next Step • Complete and thorough State of the Watershed Report • Moose Lake, Lac la Biche, etc. • Watershed Management Plan under Alberta Water Act • Continue education and outreach Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  22. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Acknowledgements • LEPA and the volunteers who made all the sampling happen • Jason Vanrobaeys – PFRA • Sarah Depoe – AAFRD • Jay White - Aquality Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  23. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Thanks! Introduction Methods Results Discussion The Next Steps

  24. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Prediction • Avg daily urine prod =1.4L • Avg urine caffeine conc = 1500 µg/L • Adult urine caffeine production = 2100 µg • Avg urination freq = 5x daily • Volume of flush = 9.8 L= 49 L/Day Introduction Methods Results Conclusion The Next Steps

  25. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Prediction Adult caffeine produced per day Total amount of water = 2100 µg caffeine 50.4 L = = 42 µg/L (Predicted) Introduction Methods Results Conclusion The Next Steps

  26. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Prediction • Detection level = 0.02 µg/L • Predicted conc. = 42 µg/L • Possible to detect caffeine diluted up to 2100 times! Introduction Methods Results Conclusion The Next Steps

  27. Fecal Contamination Issues • Human and animal feces contain high levels of nutrients • Nutrients limited in aquatic systems • Phosphorus • Nitrogen • Contains several pathogens which can be fatal to humans and others (contact or ingestion)

  28. Effect of Excess Phosphorus • Primary Impacts • Excessive macrophyte growth • Algal blooms • Negative impact on livestock

  29. Fecal contamination is a public health risk • Drinking water contamination, contact recreation, harvest of irrigated foods ‘Water contaminated with human feces are generally regarded as a greater risk to human health, as they are more likely to contain human-specific enteric pathogens’ T. Scott et al. 2002

  30. Sources of Fecal Contamination • Residential sources • Lakeside cottages/subdivisions • Leaky septic systems • Rogue dumping • Improper outhouse placement • Urban effluent

  31. Sources of Fecal Contamination • Agricultural sources • Feedlots • In-situ watering by cattle • Manure application practices (timing, amount)

  32. Sources of Fecal Contamination • Wildlife sources • Bear, elk, deer, birds, etc.

  33. What is BST? • Using DNA fingerprinting to identify sources of microbial contamination in surface water. • Term coined in 2002 by Hagedorn and Wiggins

  34. What is BST? • Methods fall into 3 categories: molecular, biochemical and chemical • No standard method developed • Emerging area of research and technology development, particularly for drinking water

  35. How does it work? • Fecal bacteria are uniquely adapted to the host animal in which they live • Using DNA analysis techniques we can identify these markers in fecal bacteria

  36. How it is Done • Samples collected around the watershed • Fecal bacteria are cultured and analyzed in lab • Compared to pre-existing database

  37. Identifying Sources of Contamination • Pinpoint by taking samples at suspected sources • Analyzed • New genetic markers added to project database

  38. Dealing with Suspected Sources of Contamination • Collect samples from location downstream of suspected contamination source • Results compared to samples in database

  39. Advantages • This technique has a much greater power of resolution compared to previous methods • No longer tracking an analog of fecal contamination • Allows us to create mitigation plans based on better knowledge

  40. Canadian Examples • Research at the University of Victoria (Maeys and Mazumder, 2004) • Elbow River study: ruminants and humans (Sosiak and Dixon, 2004) • Aquality to provide as a commercial service (Spring, 2005)

  41. Further Study • More comparative studies to determine best method for watershed studies • Field protocol: timing, number of samples collected, number of isolates identified, location and number of sites • Need to optimize analytical and statistical methods to minimize sources of error

  42. Lac la Nonne Water Quality Report 2004 Introduction Methods Results Conclusion The Next Steps

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