UNIT 1 1450- 1648 15 th, 16 th , 17 th centuries

1. UNIT 1 1450- 164815th, 16th, 17th centuries Renaissance Reformation & Religious Wars Exploration & Conquest Absolutism & New Thinking

2. The Crises of the Late Middle Ages The Great Loss in Population Monarchs & Rulers imposing new political Order Religious crisis

3. Europe in 1300

4. Geography of Europe in 1300 Europe = many small states!! Major states at this time: England Scotland Norway Sweden Portugal Denmark France Bohemia (= Czech Republic today) Austria Teutonic Order (= Baltic states today) Do not yet exist as we know them today: Spain = Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre; not united Italy = Sicily, Papal States, + others; not united Germany = not united; part of Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg = the Low Countries Russia = group of principalities; Mongol Yoke (1237-1480) Nations of SE Europe = part of Byzantine Empire

5. (1) Great Famine (1315-1322) From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.

6. price inflation In 1315 the price of wheat rose 800% 3 SFHS cookies cost $1.25. With 800% inflation  $10! In 1303 and 1306-1307, the Baltic Sea froze! Causes • terrible weather (mini ice age)

7.  susceptibility to disease later marriage  population  homeless rich farmers buy out poor farmers volatile land market unemployment migration of young males to towns  crime Int’l trade = consequences spread far Gov’t. responses ineffective Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497-98) Consequences Pestilence War Famine Death

8. Geography of Europe in 1400 From 1300-1400 states consolidated their holdings = fewer small states Major states at this time: England Union of Kalmar = Norway, Sweden, Denmark Scotland Poland-Lithuania Portugal Bohemia France Hungary Austria Wallachia (= Romania today) Ottoman Empire Do not yet exist as we know them today: Spain, Italy, Germay = still not united Russia = still under Mongol Yoke (1237-1480)

9. The Renaissance Period Black Death 100 Years War Changes in the Church Social Unrest Origins of the Renaissance Changing Society Changing Political Structure Intellectual and Culture Changes Italian v. Northern Renaissance

10. Journal #1 • What would you do if you know you were going to die in less than a week? • Things to think about • Possessions • Food • School • Friends

11. (1)Black Death (1348) Boccaccio in The Decameron: The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.

12. Causes • famine  susceptibility to disease • advances in shipbuilding • Rats (fleas from rats) on ships from Black Sea • urban overcrowding & poor sanitation & hygiene

13. The Culprits

14. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. bubonic = spread by flea pneumonic = spread human-human Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

15. The Symptoms Buba Septicemic Form:almost 100% mortality rate.

16. The Mortality Rate 35-50% (could be up to 70%) 25,000,000 dead!!!

17. Essential Question • What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe????

18. Giovanni Boccacio- The Decameron -Read the Introduction of The Decameron • Complete Graphic organizer after using introduction and slides

19. Consequences – Social • pogroms against Jews • Migration (move to city) • clergy care for sick (demand for religious services for dead, and dying) • Social conflicts of classes (Peasant Revolts) The burning of Jews in 1349

20.  unemployment (Farms decline)  productivity, wages, & standard of living (limited laborers) Nobles decline in power (pay more for products & labor) Agricultural prices  craft guilds take new members (laborers migrate to city to learn skills) inflation Wage Increase PLabor S1 S P2 P1 D Q2 Q1 QLabor Consequences – Economic

21. Consequences – Psychological/Cultural • Pessimism • art & lit – theme of death • Flagellants (beat themselves in ritual penance) • new colleges & universities – more localized • culturally Europe becomes more divided Dance Macabre (Hans Holbein)

22. "And no bells tolled and nobody wept no matter what his loss because almost everyone expected death ... and people said and believed, 'This is the end of the world.'" • - Agnolo di Tura, chronicler of Siena in central Italy, on the Black Death, 1348

23. Essential Question: Assessment • What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe???? • 3 to 5 sentences

24. Essential Questions • What were the causes of the Hundred years war? • What were the outcome of the Hundred years war?

25. Get into Groups of 3 • One Person Find Causes of 100 years war • One person Find Progress/Development of War • One Person Find Outcomes of 100 years war • Pg. 298-302

26. (2) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453) Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles. ENGLAND VS. FRANCE

27. Causes 1: Controversy over succession to French throne • Charles IV of France dies heirless • French nobility selects Philip VI of Valois • Chosen over Edward III of England • Long history of prejudice & animosity between French and English people • “no woman or her son could succeed to the [French] monarchy” • 1340 – proclaims himself King of France

28. Causes 2: French land belonging to British monarchy • English claim Aquitaine as ancient inheritance & occupy it as vassal to French crown • Philip VI confiscates Aquitaine in 1337 Pointhieu Aquitaine

29. Causes 3: Wool trade & control of Flanders • Wool trade b/t England & Flanders • Flanders = French fief • Flanders wants independence from French rule & asks English for help Flanders

30. Causes 4: Struggle for French national identity • France 3x population and far wealthier then England • France disunited caused by social conflicts • Estates general (too divided to be effective) • Peasants had to pay increasing taxes • French vassals (land holders) of Philip VI side with Edward III to assert independence from French crown

31. Course 1: English Winning at 1st • Crécy, Calais, Poitiers, Agincourt victories • English longbow vs. French crossbow • Cannon • England Embargo to Flanders= rebellions by merchants & signed alliance with England • Capture King John II the Good

32. Course 2: French Victory • Joan of Arc to the rescue! • Orléans = turning point • King Charles VII receives crown back

33. Height of English Dominance, 1429

34. Consequences • Both • economic problems • social discontent • nationalism

35. France becomes unified! France in 1453 France in 1337

36. Journal # 2 What were the causes of the Hundred years war? What were the outcome of the Hundred years war?

37. (3) Church in Decline

38. Pope moves to Avignon Popes live extravagantly Cut off from Rome needed to get funds Annates (taxes for first year in office) Shorter time in purgatory Indulgences (sell pardons for unrepeated sins) Could buy them for those already dead Rome left in poverty Clement V Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) Avignon

39. 2 popes!! (Rome & Avignon) Gregory XI brings papacy back to Rome Within sphere of influence of France King Charles V wanted papacy to return to Avignon Urban VI (Rome) – aggressive reform causes anger & second election Clement VII (Avignon) – “antipope” Great Schism (1376-1417)

40. Great Schism divides Europe politically

41. Reform movement Pope derives power from entire Christian community Constitutional structure: pope + general council Conciliarism: Theory Marsiglio of Padua John Wyclif & Lollards

42. Conciliarism: Practice • Council of Pisa (1409)  3 popes!! • Council of Constance (1414-1418) – 3 goals: • end Great Schism • end heresy • reform church • Results: Kings asserted their Power over the church (France & England) -others reformed&regulated Religious life Jan Hus

43. Jacquerie (1358) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation Result: Crushed by nobility English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages) Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550 (6) Peasant Revolts

44. Society Life went on even in the face of calamity. What did 14th c. society look like?

45. Marriage & Family Arranged Based on economics (vs. ♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s, women <20 Children = objects of affection No divorce (annulments in rare cases) Prostitution Legal & regulated Not respected Urban

46. Work Rural: farming Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open post-plague) Women “inferior”  limited opportunities Religion Central to life  lay control over parish affairs Recreation Aristocracy: tournaments Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions Life in the Parish

47. Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers • Migration of peoples to frontier regions • “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language, customs, laws (vs. blood) • Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws & newcomers subject to laws of former homeland • Ireland as exception – Statute of Kilkenny (1366) • As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent • Dalimil Chronicle

48. Vernacular Literature • Dante, Divine Commedy (Italy) • Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (England) • Villon, Lais & Grand Testament (France) • Christine de Pisan, The City of Ladies, etc. (France) •  lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t. Dante Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France

49. Europe in 1400

50. The Renaissance