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The Right Stuff

The Right Stuff. What Does It Take to Succeed?. Luck Talent Determination/Self-Discipline Delayed Gratification Willpower Executive Functioning Belief in Self Self-Efficacy Outcome Optimism. And Sometimes Even That Isn’t Enough. Willpower:. Man vs. Marshmallow. Delayed Gratification

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The Right Stuff

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  1. The Right Stuff

  2. What Does It Take to Succeed?

  3. Luck • Talent • Determination/Self-Discipline • Delayed Gratification • Willpower • Executive Functioning • Belief in Self • Self-Efficacy • Outcome Optimism

  4. And Sometimes Even That Isn’t Enough

  5. Willpower: Man vs. Marshmallow

  6. Delayed Gratification • Children Differ in Their Abilities to Delay Gratification • Importantly, This Predicted Long-Term Success: • SAT Verbal & Quant Scores • About 210 Points Higher (15-Min Waiters vs. 30 Sec. Waiters) • This Is ~15 Years Later! (Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990) • Also Perhaps Coping, Planning, Motivation, & Intelligence

  7. Self-Discipline Twice as Effective as IQ in Predicting: • Final Grades • As Well as: • High School Selection • School Attendance • Hours Spent • Doing Homework • Watching Television (Inversely) • Time of Day Students Began Their Homework • (from Duckworth & Seligman, 2005)

  8. Note: Long-Term Strategies Are Not Always Best • Broken Promises • Kidd, Palmeri, & Aslin (2013)

  9. Nonetheless, Ayduk et al. (2000) Found Delayed Gratification Among Low-Income Middle School Children Buffered Against: • “Positive Functioning,” i.e., Ratings of: • Self-Worth & Self-Reliant • High Aspirations • Drug Use • Aggression & Peer Acceptance in “Rejection Sensitive” People

  10. Delayed Gratification Is Also Related to: • Ability to Focus on Tasks • An Inhibit Competing Behaviors • Shift Between Tasks • “Meta-Memory” • Knowing When and How to Remember Things

  11. Etiology of Willpower • Differences Seen as Early as 18 Months (Sethi et al., 2000) • Where It Is Related to Maternal Relationship • “Good” Relationship May Affect Development of Coping Strategies

  12. Differences in Ability to Delay Gratification Related to “Cooling Strategies” • I.e., Ability to Minimize the Agony of Deprivation • Which Could Be Taught (ahem)

  13. But Also Probably in Part Innate • Related to Neural Functions That Do Not Fully Develop Until One’s 20s • Their Develop Is Affected by Adverse Events (Trauma, Stress, Etc.) • E.g., in Its Relationship with “Rejection Sensitivity” and Maybe Neuroticism)

  14. Nonetheless, “Willpower” Can Be Developed “Biomechanically”

  15. Characteristics of Willpower • Limited and Depletable • Like All Limited Resources, It Helps to Develop Strategies to Use It Wisely • Adults Workers Spend ~3 Hrs/Day Resisting Urges • But Those With Strong Self-Control Spent Less Time Resisting • Therefore, Easier to Relapse into Old Habits During Stressful Times • Or After Making Big Decisions • When Tired, Sad, or . . . Hungry

  16. It Can Be Replenished • With Simple Sugar! (Gailliot & Baumeister, 2007)

  17. It Can Probably Be “Trained” • Small, Regular Acts of Will May Improve Overall Willpower • Pre-Empt to Avoid Exhaustion • "People with low willpower use it to get themselves out of crises. People with high willpower use it not to get themselves into crises." • More Strategies for You & Your Students

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