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Roman triumvirate

Roman triumvirate. Vini , Vidi , Vici Divide et Impera Iacta Alea Est Draco dormiens nunquam titilandus. First triumvirate. Involved Julius Caesar Pompey (not Pompeii, that is a city) Crassus Crassus dies in the battle of Carrhae

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Roman triumvirate

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  1. Roman triumvirate Vini, Vidi, Vici Divide et Impera IactaAleaEst Draco dormiensnunquamtitilandus

  2. First triumvirate • Involved • Julius Caesar • Pompey (not Pompeii, that is a city) • Crassus • Crassus dies in the battle of Carrhae • Caesar’s daughter Julia dies (why is this important?) • Civil war breaks out between Caesar and Pompey • The Senate backs up Pompey and tell Caesar to disband his army and give up Gaul • Caesar crosses the Rubicon river setting of a civil war (why is the Rubicon important) • stream bounding his province, to enter Italy

  3. Continued… •  Marc Anthony and Cassius aid Caesar • Civil war lasts for five years • Caesar finally defeats his enemies and takes control of Rome as sole ruler • He chases Pompey all the way through Egypt and into Greece where he meets…

  4. His time • In Rome he pardoned all his enemies • Took the money from the coffers of the Senate and gave it to the people • Reformed the living conditions of the people by passing agrarian laws and by improving housing accommodations (bread and circuses) • drew up the elaborate plans (which Augustus later used) for consolidating the empire and establishing it securely • In the winter of 46 B.C.–45 B.C. he was in Spain putting down the last of the senatorial party under GaeusPompeius, the son of Pompey

  5. He returned to Rome in Sept.45 B.C.E., and was elected to his fifth consulship in 44 B.C. • same year he became dictator for life and set about planning a campaign against Parthia (Persia), the only real menace to Rome's borders. • His dictatorial powers aroused great resentment • was bitterly criticized by his enemies, who accused him of all manner of vices. • conspiracy was formed against him, however, it was made up of his friends and protégés, among them Cimber, Casca, Cassius, and Marcus Junius Brutus. • On Mar. 15 (the Ides of March), 44 B.C.E., he was stabbed to death in the senate house • His will leave everything to his 18-year-old grandnephew Octavian- later Augustus

  6. The Birth of the Roman Empire • After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued • Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them (sealed with a marriage between Octavian’s sister and Marc Antony) • Lepidus was pushed from power • Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Marc Antony at the battle of Actium and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide • Octavian was left as master of Roman world

  7. From Octavian to Augustus • Octavian claimed he would return control of republic to the Senate (really gave Senate power over provinces with weak military, while he kept provinces with large armies for himself) • He was given semi-divine name of Augustus and portrayed he was a descendant of Venus • Augustus changes his coins to mention Deius filius “son of god” • Expanded his power by becoming Tribune to the People to bridge the gap between the rich and poor • Only took the title of Princeps (first among the equals or First Citizen) but was in fact Rome’s first emperor • Emperors were the commander in chiefof the army and head of the priesthood • Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions

  8. Rome under Augustus • Period of Augustan peace called Principate • Flourishing of “Romanity” (arts, religion, civil service, literature, state sponsored architecture, mosaics and sculptures ie. 82 temples) • Had an imperial force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard to protect Rome • A great statesman and his system of bureaucracy lasted for 200 years

  9. Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates) • Estimated Rome population grew from 180 000 inhabitants in the Republic ( c. 270 BCE) -375 000 (130 BCE) to 1 million people under Augustus • At its peak, there could have been as many as 54 million people within the Roman empire (based on Roman census taken every 5 years as a basis for taxation)

  10. Tiberius AD 14 • Step-son of Octavian/Augustus • Capable military leader • Tiberius succeeds Augustus as an emperor after his death • Tiberius started out well, but greed and paranoia stepped in • He spent most of his time on the Isle of Capri where he lived in depravity with Caligula

  11. Caligula • Son of General Germanicus • Real name Gaius Germanicus • Raised with the army and given nickname “little boots” • Germanicus, his wife and older sons killed by Tiberius while Caligula watches • Tiberius raises Caligula on Capri (needless to say, Caligula did not have a normal childhood) • Caligula becomes emperor for a short while, attacks the sea then dies.

  12. Claudius 41 AD • Was the only heir left after the death of Tiberius and Caligula (friend) • Seen as weak because he had a limp and speech impediment (stutter) • Made the senate angry by having trials in private and for allowing lower class Greek men into his administration

  13. Undertook the conquest of Britain • He visited the island for 16 days, to preside over the capture of Colchester, the capital of the new province, and then returned to Rome in triumph • Claudius added Mauretania (Morocco), Thrace (the Balkans) and Lycia (part of Turkey) to the Roman Empire • Agrippina niece, wife, mother of Nero • Dies October 13 54 AD due to poison

  14. Nero • Kills his mother… • new emperor paid more heed to his advisors Burrus and the philosopher Seneca • Burrus dies and Seneca retires • much of Rome was destroyed in a fire, for which Nero was blamed • diverted blame from himself by accusing the Christians - then a minor religious sect - of starting the fire, leading to a campaign of persecution

  15. Helped Romans made homeless by the fire and set about the necessary rebuilding of the city • appropriating a large area for a new palace for himself  • 68 AD, the Gallic and Spanish legions, along with the Praetorian Guards, rose against Nero and he fled Rome • The senate declared him a public enemy and he committed suicide on 9 June 68 CE and said “oh what an artist the world loses”

  16. Homework: Id and sig • Vespatian • Trajan • Marcus Aurelius • Nerva • Hadrian • Diocletian (ca. 280-ish) • Constantine the Great • Honorius Remember “divide et impera, amicci meum)

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