Unit 4 The Rise of the United States as a World Power

1. Unit 4The Rise of the United States as a World Power Mr. Hughes Anaheim High School 2010/2011

2. Imperialism In this section, we will be analyzing the effects from the century of world wide competition that forced the United States to expand its influence.

3. Expansion of America The people of America had always wanted to expand its borders. The idea of Manifest Destiny was popular throughout the 19th Century. By the 1880’s many American leaders believed the United States needed to acquire colonies to expand it’s influence. Imperialism, when stronger nations extend political, economic, and military control over weaker nations, was already popular at this time.

4. Global Competition European countries had been establishing colonies for centuries. By the 19th Century, Ethiopia and Liberia were the only independent nations in Africa. Japan had replaced its feudal order with a strong central government. They hoped that with the new military strength, they could become an influence in Asia. There were three major reasons supporting American Imperialism. Desire for military strength Many believed that the United States needed to build it’s military to be a world power. By 1890, the United States had the 3rd largest navy. Thirst for new markets. With the advancement in technology, America produced far more than what it needed. Many Imperialists believed that this would help in the over production of goods as well as poverty. Belief in cultural superiority. Many Imperialists believed they had a moral obligation to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the rest of the world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1nHT8fezbo&feature=related

5. Acquisitions of the United States 1867: United States acquires Alaska. For the price of $7.2 million, the U.S. takes control of Alaska from Russia. 1867: United States takes control of Midway Islands. 1898: United States annexes Hawaii. As early as the 1790’s there had been Americans living in the Hawaiian Islands. In 1890, American sugar producers called for annexation to avoid paying duty on their products. To keep control of Hawaiian government, American businessmen, with the help of the U.S. Marines, overthrew the Hawaiian government and created provisional government. When the United States proclaimed the annexation of Hawaii, there was no vote conducted for Hawaiian citizens. 1898: Spanish-American War The United States receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as part of the peace treaty. 1899: The United States acquires American Samoa An agreement between the United States, Britain, and Germany divides the Samoan Islands.

6. Panama Canal By the turn of the 20th Century, many Americans believed the United States needed a canal cutting across Central America. This would allow easier travel for commercial and military ships. In 1850, the United States and Britain agreed to share the rights to such a canal. In 1901, after the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Britain, the U.S. had exclusive rights to build a canal. In 1903, the United States bought the route of a French company in Panama for $40 million. Before beginning to build, they needed permission of the Colombian government, which controlled Panama at that time. When talks broke down, there was a revolution supported by the French company that sold the route to the U.S. In November 1903, 15 American warships were present as Panama declared its independence. An agreement of $10 million plus an annual rent of $250,000 allowed for the U.S. to build the canal. Payments were to start in 1913.

7. The Effect of the Panama Canal Work began in 1904 with the clearing of brush and the draining of swamps. By 1913, more than 43,400 workers were employed on the project. Some came from as far as Italy and Spain. The majority were blacks from the British West Indies. More than 5,600 workers died while building the canal. The total cost of the canal was $380 million. In August 1914, the canal opened for business. More than 1,000 merchants ships passed through the canal in the first year. U.S. relations with Latin American nations was damaged with how they supported the Panamanian Revolution. The door was now open to the United States to emerge as a world power through economic and military means. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETgK3BkRm6A&feature=related

8. Spanish American War In this section we will look at the reasons why the united states went to war with Spain.

9. Prelude to War • By the end of the 19th century, Spain was losing it’s empire. • The once proud nation only boasted a few colonies around the world. • The Philippines and Guam in the Pacific, a few outposts in Africa, and Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. • Americans have always had an interest in Cuba. • As early as 1854, diplomats encouraged then president Franklin Pierce to buy Cuba from Spain. • Spain stated that they would rather “see Cuba sunk in the ocean.” • In 1868 and 1878, when the Cuban people tried to overthrow the Spanish government, many Americans sided with the Cuban people. • In 1886, after Spain abolished slavery in Cuba, many American capitalists began investing in the sugar fields on the island.

10. Prelude to War (Continued) • In 1895, exiled poet Jose Marti launched another revolution for independence. • He organized the resistance by using an active guerilla campaign and deliberately destroying American plantations. • He believed getting the United States involved would help liberate Cuba • Americans were split on the situation. • One side wanted the government to help Spain to protect investments. • The opposing side was on the side of the revolutionaries because it was similar to what the colonists went through with Britain. http://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war

11. The War Escalates • In 1896, General Valeriano Weyler was sent to Cuba to restore order. • One of the most horrific tactics he used was herding 300,000 people into concentration camps. • Thousands of people died from hunger and disease while in these camps. • The actions of Weyler fueled a competition between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, heads of two New York newspapers. • Writers for both of these newspapers used exaggerated stories to help boost sales. • The sensational style of writing, where exaggeration is used to enrage the reader is known as yellow journalism.

12. The De Lome Letter • America’s sympathy grew for the Cubans with each days headlines. • By 1897, new president William McKinley looked to solve the problem through diplomatic means. • McKinley was initially successful until February 1898 when the New York Journal published a letter from Enrique Dupuy De Lome. • The De Lome Letter called McKinley “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” • This enraged the American public and worsened the relationship with Spain.

13. The U.S.S. Maine • On the night of February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, while docked in Havana Harbor, explodes killing 260 men. • The Maine was sent by President McKinley to protect American people and investments in Cuba. • The blame for the explosion went directly towards Spain. • American newspapers jumped at the headlines. • Hearst’s papers offered a reward of $50,000 for the capture of the Spaniards who committed the outrage. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7DA2279F-A121-44F4-8D35-AAB251D65CF3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

14. War Begins • On April 11, 1898, McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war. • On April 20th, Congress finally agreed. • The Spanish believed that the first attack would be in Cuba. • On April 30th, a U.S. Naval fleet steamed to the Philippines and proceeded to sink the entire Spanish Fleet. • Over the next 2 months, 11,000 American troops landed in the Philippines • By August of 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrendered to the United States.

15. War in the Caribbean • The first thing the United States did in the war was to create a naval blockade of Cuba. • This effectively kept the Spanish naval forces in Havana Harbor. • About 125,000 Americans volunteered to fight. • In June of 1898, 17,000 troops landed in the port city of Santiago. • This group included 4 African-American regiments and the Rough Riders. • The Rough Riders were a volunteer group commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt.

16. The Rough Riders • The most dramatic land battle took place on July 1st, near Santiago. • It took place at Kettle Hill and involved the Rough Riders and 2 African-American regiments. • They were successful in taking the hill for the next charge up the infamous San Juan Hill. • Although Roosevelt played a minor role in the San Juan charge, he was portrayed as the hero of San Juan Hill. • Two days later, the Spanish tried to flee Havana Harbor. • The battle resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. • With Cuba taken, the United States turned it’s focus on Puerto Rico.

17. Treaty of Paris • On August 12, 1898, the United States and Spain signed an armistice to end the war. • The war lasted 15 weeks ending what Secretary of State John Hay called a “splendid little war”. • Spain and the United States met on December 10, 1898 to discuss the terms of the surrender. • In the Treaty of Paris, the United States would gain Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. • The U.S. would buy the Philippines for $20 million as part of the treaty.

18. Reaction to the Treaty of Paris • The Treaty of Paris sparked the argument of imperialism in the United States. • Many believed that the U.S. had no right to control the people in the Philippines. • The people in the Philippines were outraged by the Treaty of Paris. • In February 1899, the Filipino people rose in revolt against the United States. • They believed the United States had promised them their independence as a result of the war. • The Philippines would not be independent until July 4, 1946.

19. American Diplomacy In this section, we will look at how the united states created and maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide locations.

20. Platt Amendment • In 1900, the newly formed Cuban government wrote their constitution. • It failed to specify their relationship with the United States. • In 1901, the United States insisted that several provisions be added to the Cuban Constitution. • These provisions became known as the Platt Amendment. • The provisions are as followed: • Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power . • The United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba. • Cuba was not to go into debt. • The United States could buy or lease land in the island for naval stations and refueling stations.

21. The Open Door Policy • As the United States expanded their empire into Asia, they began to worry that China would be conquered by other imperialist nations. • In 1899, Secretary of State, John Hay sent letters to the heads of all imperialist nations asking to share trading rights to China. • This would create an “open door” to all nations who wanted to trade with China. • The other imperialist nations reluctantly agreed to this policy. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8BD96D91-E0EA-464B-BDAB-8D86F2659C7D

22. The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt • Treaty of Portsmouth • Roosevelt had Japan and Russia negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War. • Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Price for his efforts. • Roosevelt Corollary • This was a change to the Monroe Doctrine which said that the U.S. would use force to protect its interests in Latin America • In the late 19th century, many Latin American countries had borrowed huge sums of money from European banks to build railroads and develop industries • Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted, Europeans might intervene in the region • Roosevelt was determined to make the United States a dominant power in Latin America. • Roosevelt reminded European nations of the Monroe Doctrine that demanded that European nations stay out of the affairs of Latin America

23. Big Stick Diplomacy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” • The U.S. believed that it had a right to protect its economic interests in Latin America by using military force if necessary. • U.S. would be the international police power of Latin America.

24. Dollar Diplomacy & William Howard Taft • Policy in which the U.S. tried to further its foreign policy aims through the use of economic power. • American bankers made loans to countries in financial trouble…. • Then they would collect the loans by seizing state owned companies, railroad system or National Banks. • Bought a lot of influence in those countries • U.S. would use military force as well to ensure the safety of those investments. • This policy was successful at keeping European powers out of South America • Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America increased U.S. control in many Latin American countries.

25. Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy • The U.S. would only support Latin American governments that were democratic, that supported American interests, and that were not hostile towards the U.S. • In Mexico, Wilson refused to recognize a general who had seized power illegally. • Wilson pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8BD96D91-E0EA-464B-BDAB-8D86F2659C7D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

26. World War I In this section, we will look at the causes of World War I and how America could not stay neutral throughout the war.

27. Causes of World War I Militarism • Development of armed forces • To defend empires leads to more military spending Alliances • Countries forming treaties to protect each other • Triple Entente or Allies: France, Britain, Russia • Triple Alliance/Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Imperialism • Countrieswanting to increase power & influence around the world • Germany industries, competes with France, Britain for colonies Nationalism • Devotion to interest, culture of one’s nation • Leads to competition between nations

28. The “Powder Keg” of Europe • There was ethnic rivalries among Balkan people. • leading powers had economic, political interests. • Ottomans losing control & land. • Serbia wanted Slavic people. • Russia = Slavs support Serbia http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=A1EDA1F3-8DB3-414D-ACC3-5D3B3BE753E4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

29. The Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand • Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia & Herzegovina • Really upsets Serbia and tensions become very high between the two countries. • Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife travel to Serbia. • Shot on June 28, 1914 by Gavrilo Princip – 19-yr. old Serbian nationalist. • He was part of the “Black Hand”terrorist group. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=5A89E571-C2CF-41A9-BA16-745637441390&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

30. The Dominoes Fall… • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects short war. • Alliance system pulls one nation after another into war. • Within a week Europe at war

31. America’s Response • In 1914, Americans saw no reason to get involved in a struggle 3,000 miles away. • Socialist believed the war was a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England. • Pacifists, such as William Jennings Bryan, believed war was evil. • Many Americans simply did not want to send their sons off to war. • Naturalized citizens were torn between their home countries and their new home in the United States. • The United States did have economic ties to all of the countries involved. • They had almost double the trade with the Allies compared to Germany. • This economic relationship with the Allies made it difficult for the United States to remain neutral.

32. America Gets Involved • British Blockade • Britain sets up a blockade on the German coast to prevent weapons and military supplies to reach Germany. • In 1917, famine hits and over 750,000 Germans starve to death. • Americans outraged at Britain’s violation of freedom of the seas. • German submarines – U-Boats • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • On May 7, 1915, the British ship Lusitania is sunk. • 2,000 die (128 U.S.) • Continued to sink ships, until they finally promise to stop • But by January 31 Germany announced U-boats would sink all ships

33. The Zimmerman Note • This was the Final Straw for America to enter the war. • A Telegram from German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico was intercepted by British agents • The telegram stated the desire to create an alliance between Germany and Mexico. • If victorious, Mexico would regain “lost territory” to the United States. • More American merchant ships sunk and Russia signing an armistice also influenced the United States. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=5A89E571-C2CF-41A9-BA16-745637441390&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

34. Innovations of the War • New innovations from WWI. • Machine guns – prevented soldier advance • Poison Gas – blindness, blisters, gas masks • Tanks – Battle of the Somme – terrain • Submarine – torpedoes (Germans) • Did not make war faster, just bloodier • Trench Warfare • Dug into the ground only after 6 weeks into war • “No man’s land” • Battle of the Somme : ½ million each dead and 5 miles changed hands. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=5A89E571-C2CF-41A9-BA16-745637441390&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

35. The War Comes to a Close • U.S. swings the balance of the war as the Allies reach Marne again. • Allies win and force the Central Powers to Sign an armistice. • November 11, 1918, the war will officially come to an end.

36. Treaty of Versailles • President Woodrow Wilson comes to the peace conference with a plan for the future of the world known as The Fourteen Points. • No secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Free trade • Reduction of national armies and navies • New borders for new nations • “Allow people to decide for themselves the type of government they want” • 14th point – “general association of nations”which became known as the League of Nations. • Negotiate solutions to world conflicts • Sanctions on Germany from the Treaty of Versailles • Stripped of armed forces • Reparations totaling $33 billion • Admit guilt for war • Congress rejects the Treaty of Versailles with the intention to stay out of European affairs. • Germans bitter over war-guilt clause.

37. World War I at Home This section will look at the social, political, and economic changes in the United States during the first world war.

38. The War Begins for America • On April 6, 1917, the United States officially declares war on Germany. • This is after the numerous American lives lost in German U-boat attacks. • At the time, America only had 200,000 men in the military. • Many of whom had no combat experience. • Congress now had to act to raise an army to fight.

39. The Selective Service Act • In May 1917, Congress passes the Selective Service Act. • This was to meet the need of men to fight in the war. • The act required men to register with the government for a random selection into military service. • By 1918, 24 million men were registered. • 3 million were called up and 2 million were sent to Europe before the end of fighting. • 400,000 African-Americans were called to duty. • They only served in the Army since the Marines and Navy did not accept African-Americans.

40. Changes at Home • America now had to focus on supplying their troops fighting the war. • The power of the government was greatly expanded during the war. • In 1917, the War Industries Board was created. • The primary goal of the WIB was to encourage industries to be more efficient. • Under the WIB, the economy grew by 20 percent. • Other government agencies controlled different aspects of American life.

41. Food Administration • President Wilson appointed Herbert Hoover to head the Food Administration. • Instead of rationing food to American citizens, Hoover called on people to follow the “gospel of the clean plate.” • The Food Administration declared one day of the week “meat-less” and two days “wheat-less”. • This was done to help conserve food for the war effort. • Homeowners even went so far as to plant “victory gardens” to conserve food. • As a result, food shipped to the Allies tripled. • Farmers even put an extra 40 million acres of land into production.

42. Test Question 4 Which of the following was done by the Food Administration during the war? • Farmers were paid high prices for their crops, which helped farmers prosper. • Encouraged meat-less and wheat-less days to help with food conservation. • Encouraged “victory gardens” so people would grow their own vegetables. • All of the above.

43. War Bonds • There were two major financial tasks the United States faced at the outset of the war. • Raising money to support the war. • Convincing the public to support the war. • One way the government raised money was through taxes. • Income, tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods were all taxed. • This raised about 1/3 of the total money raised for the war. • The second way the government raised money was through war bonds. • These were loans to the government that were to be paid back with interest once the war was over.

44. Committee on Public Information • The nation’s first propaganda agency was created in April of 1917. • It was known as the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and it was headed by George Creel. • There were 2 goals of the CPI. • Raise money for the war. • Increase patriotism in America.

45. Social Changes in America • Two groups of Americans experienced major changes as a result of World War I. • Women • African Americans • These changes were a direct result of the man power sent to Europe to fight the war.

46. The Great Migration • From 1910 to 1930, hundreds of thousands African Americans moved to northern cities. • The three major reason for the Great Migration: • To escape racial discrimination. • A boll weevil infestation ruined cotton crops in the South. • Job opportunities in the North. • With the outbreak of World War I, the number of job opportunities increased. • Racial prejudice did exist in the north and many people resented their presence.

47. Women in the War • World War I allowed women to move into jobs traditionally held by men. • Although women did contribute greatly to the war effort, it did not result in equal pay as men. • President Wilson acknowledged, “The services of women during the supreme crisis have been of the most signal usefulness and distinction; it is high them that part of our debt should be acknowledged.” • It did however encourage the push women suffrage. • In 1919, the 19th amendment was passed, allowing women the right to vote.

48. The Flu Epidemic of 1918 • In the fall of 1918, the United States suffered a crisis on the home-front. • A worldwide flu epidemic affected about one-third of the U.S. population. • About 500,000 Americans died as a result of the flu. • Historians believe that 30,000,000 succumbed to the flu worldwide.