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By: Stephanie Cartagena

By: Stephanie Cartagena. Vietnam War. Second indochina war – 1954-1975 France and Vietnam - 1954 France forced to leave Vietnam To sides came together - Geneva, Switzerland - events shaped the future – Vietnams modern revolution. Geneva Peace Accords.

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By: Stephanie Cartagena

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  1. By: Stephanie Cartagena

  2. Vietnam War • Second indochina war – 1954-1975 • France and Vietnam - 1954 • France forced to leave Vietnam • To sides came together - Geneva, Switzerland - events shaped the future – Vietnams modern revolution

  3. Geneva Peace Accords • France and Vietnam – 1954 – international cold war • Worst future for Vietnam • Pressure – soviet union and peoples republic of china - separate – 17th parallel - France – face-saving defeat

  4. Terms of the Geneva Peace Accords • 1956 – election to unify the country • Division at the 17th parallel – vanish with elections U.S • Sec. John Foster Dulles - no support – Geneva peaces accords - to much power – communist party of Vietnam

  5. Dulles and President Eisenhower • Supported - counter-revolutionary alternative - south of the 17th parallel • U.S – supported - multilateral agreements - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

  6. South Vietnam • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – political cover • New nation from dust – southern vietnam (republic of Vietnam)

  7. Republic of Vietnam • 1955 – born • Help of American - military - political - economic aid • Ngo Dinh Diem

  8. Diems Claims • Attack from communists in the North • Democratic republic of Vietnam – South Vietnam 1957 – counterattack

  9. Law 10/59 • Series of acts • Diem • Legal to hold someone in jail if he/she was a suspected Communist without bringing formal charges.

  10. Diem's Actions • Immediate outcry • People joined to stop his rule • More attacks – more communist were trying to take the south

  11. kennedy • Administration split - peaceful or democratic the Diem regime • White house – Vietnam's policy - change in strategy – communists party

  12. Communists Party of Vietnam • From 1956-1960 • Reunify the country – political means • Accept soviet unions model of politicalstruggle - Diem collapse – political pressure

  13. 15th Party Plenum • Jan. 1959 • Revolutionary violence a) overthrow Diem's gov. b) liberate Vietnam south of the 17th parallel

  14. May 1959 and sept. 1960 • Revolutionary violence • Combination • political and armed struggle movement • Result • - creation of broad-based united front • - helped mobilize southerners in opposition to the GVN

  15. United Front • Long and historical roots in Vietnam • Mobilized anti-French forces • Joined • communists & non-communists • - umbrella organization

  16. Dec. 20,1960 • Party's new united front – “National Liberation Front” • - anyone could join • 1. must oppose Diem • 2. want Vietnam unified

  17. National Liberation Front • Character vs. relationship to communists in Hanoi • - debate • - scholars • - anti-war activists • - policymakers • Gov. officials – NLF- attack against Saigon regime

  18. Government “white papers” • Washington insiders – NLF • - puppet of Hanoi • - non-communists elements were communists dupes • Washington- discard NLF • - calling it Viet Cong ( Vietnamese Communist )‏

  19. White Paper • Dec. 1961 • President Kennedy • - sends troops to Vietnam to report conditions of South Vietnam • Calls for large scale military build up • Kennedy sought a limited accord with Diem

  20. Kennedy • Argued for increase in: • - military • - technical • - economic aid • - large scale advisers • - stabilize Diem's regime • Urged to leave Vietnam • - dead-end alley • Choose middle route

  21. Limited Accords • U.S – increase level of its military involvement- south Vietnam • - more machinery & advisers • - would not intervene whole-scale with troops

  22. Communist party • 1960-1964 • - military victory in the south • - new American military commitment • - march 1965 • 1. Johnson sent first combat troops to Vietnam • 2. communists party moved to a protracted strategy

  23. Strategy • Get U.S in a war they could not win militarily • Create a unfavorable conditions for political victory • Communists party – could prevail in a protracted war

  24. War in America • Washington moved toward limited war in Vietnam • Johnson – war in “cold blood” • - called for mobilization of resources material and human and caused little disruption in every day life in America • - goal never made

  25. Vietnam War impact • Johnson administration forced to consider domestic consequences of its decisions every day • Not enough volunteers to continue to fight a protracted war and the government instituted a draft • 1968- everybody felt war impact

  26. 1968 • Democratic national convention • Chicago • Famous anti-war movement • Police riot

  27. Tet offensive • 1968 – bad to worse for the Johnson administration • DVR and NLF – coordinated attacks – major southern cities • - tet offensive • 1. force Johnson's administration to the bargaining table

  28. Communist Party • American people growing war-weary • Continued success in the countryside – balance of forces

  29. Historians • Tet offensive • - military defeat • - psychological victory - communists

  30. March 1968 • Lyndon Johnson • - would not seek the democratic party's re-nomination for president • - would go to bargaining table with communists to end the war

  31. Spring of 1968 • Secret negotiations began • Paris • Americans & Vietnam were discussing plans to end the war

  32. Richard Nixon • Democratic party would not rescue presidency • claimed he had a secret plan to end the war

  33. New President • Vietnamization • - Vietnamese were not fighting and dying in the jungles of Southern Asia • - bought american troops home • - increased air over the DRV • - relied more on ARVN for ground attacks

  34. Nixon Years • Expansion of the war • - Laos • - Cambodia • Violated international rights – secret campaigns

  35. April 1970 • Intense bombing campaigns • & • intervention in Cambodia • Intense campus protests all across America

  36. Expanded air war • Didnt deter the communist party • continued to make hard demands in Paris

  37. Fall 1972 • U.S secretary of state and DRV representatives – preliminary peace draft

  38. Kissinger-Tho peace draft • Leaders in Saigon - rejected

  39. December 1972 • Nixon administration • unleashed a series of deadly bombing raids against in the DRV's largest cities • - Christmas Bombings

  40. January 1973 • Nixon White House • - convinced the Thieu-Ky regime in Saigon that they would not abandon the GVN if they signed onto the peace accords

  41. Jan. 23 • Final draft was initialed • - ended open hostility between the U.S and the DRV

  42. Paris Peace Accords • Did not end the conflict in Vietnam

  43. March 1973 until the fall of Saigon on April 30,1975 • ARVN forces – save the south from military and political collapse

  44. Second Indochina war • April 30 • Communist forces – presidential palace in Saigon captured • - ended the Second Indochina War

  45. July 2,1976 • North Vietnam united North and South Vietnam • form the “Socialist Republic of Vietnam”

  46. South Vietnamese government • Supports • - executed • - imprisoned

  47. Saigon • Renamed - Ho Chi Minh City • - honor of former president of North Vietnam • Communist rule continues in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to the present day.

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