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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Computer Hardware. Learning Objectives. Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware. Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and maiframe computer systems.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Computer Hardware

  2. Learning Objectives Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware. Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and maiframe computer systems. Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.

  3. Learning Objectives Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system. Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selections.

  4. Section 1 Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

  5. I. Introduction All computers are systems of Input, Processing, Storage, Output, and Control Components

  6. II. A Brief History of Computer Hardware Without computers many technological achievements would not have been possible: Counting with fingers/toes, chicken bones, shells Calculate – from Calculus, meaning “small stone” Blaise Pascal, 1642 – invented the first mechanical adding machine

  7. II. A Brief History of Computer Hardware Joseph Jacquard, 1801 – “Jacquard’s Loom” accurately reproduced patterns on a loom Herman Hollerith – Hollerith’s Punch Card system to record census data in late 1880’s; 1911 – merged with competitor to form IBM ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), 1946 – the world’s first electronic digital computer

  8. II. A Brief History of Computer Hardware 1950’s – Transistors were invented and replaced tubes 1958 – Integrated Circuit (“chip”) was invented 1970’s – 1980’s Further miniaturization od circuits ALTAIR 8800 – the first programmable micro-computer Apple Computer and IBM PC

  9. III. Types of Computer Systems Computers come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and computing capabilities – Mainframes Midrange (obsolete due to powerful microcomputers) Microcomputers

  10. IV. Microcomputer Systems (Personal Computer) The most important category for businesses and consumers, exceeds the power of many mainframes Workstations – support mathematical and graphical demands Network Servers – support telecommunications and resource sharing Computer Terminals – any device that allows access to a computer

  11. IV. Microcomputer Systems (Personal Computer) Network Computers – designed specifically for use with networks and the Internet; low TCO (total cost of ownership) Information Appliances – Web-enabled devices for accessing information from anywhere – cell phones, PDAs, handheld PCs

  12. Corporate PC Criteria Why laptops instead of desktops? Why would a change in OS be disruptive? What are the strengths vs. risks of cabled vs. wireless PCs?

  13. V. Midrange, Mainframe, and Supercomputer Systems Midrange Systems – popular as Network Servers; disappearing due to microcomputers Mainframe Systems – large, fast, and powerful, used for high transaction processing and complex computations; used by corporations and government agencies Supercomputers – extremely powerful, extremely high speeds and massive numeric computations

  14. V. Midrange, Mainframe, and Supercomputer Systems The Next Wave of Computing – minisupercomputers; connecting all the power of unused desktops in an organization Distributed (Grid) Computing – parallel computing over a network Advantages – purchase nodes as a commodity, economies of scale Disadvantages – untrustworthy calculations, lack of centralized control

  15. VI. Technical Note: The Computer System Concept Understanding the computer as a system is of vital importance The Computer is MORE than a collection of electronic devices: Input – convert data into electronic form for entry into the system Processing – the CPU (Central Processing Unit) consists of the Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU – performs the arithmetic and logic functions) and the Control Unit (controls the rest of the computer)

  16. VI. Technical Note: The Computer System Concept The Computer is MORE than a collection of electronic devices: Output – converts electronic information into human-intelligible form Storage – store data and instructions for processing Control – the other component of the CPU manages the activities of the rest of the computer

  17. VI. Technical Note: The Computer System Concept

  18. VI. Technical Note: The Computer System Concept Computer Processing Speeds MIPS – million instructions per second Teraflops – trillion floating point operations per second

  19. VII. Moore’s Law Moore’s Law 1965 – the number of transistors on a chip will double every 18-24 months; more broadly interpreted – the power or speed of a computer will double every 18-24 months The Price would halve in that same time, which has also proven to be true Recent statistics indicate this time has decreased to 12 months

  20. Section 2 Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies

  21. I. Peripherals Peripheral - a generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage devices not part of the CPU but part of the system Online – electronically connected to and controlled by the CPU Offline – separate from and not controlled by the CPU

  22. II. Input technologies Source Document – the original record of the data, very important for auditing purposes; now accepted in both electronic or physical form Graphical User Interface (GUI) – presents icons, buttons, windows, etc. for use with Pointing Devices (as opposed to a text-based interface)

  23. II. Input technologies Input Devices – keyboards, mice, light pens, trackballs, touch screens Speech Recognition Systems – understands spoken commands/words Discrete Speech Recognition – speak each word separately Continuous Speech Recognition – recognizes conversationally-paced speech Speaker-Independent Voice Recognition – understands speech from a voice it has never heard before

  24. II. Input technologies Optical Scanning – converts text or graphics to digital input for direct entry of source documents Other Input Technologies Magnetic Stripe – on credit cards Smart Cards – contain an embedded chip Digital Cameras Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) – used in banking industry

  25. Gati Limited: Real-Time Delivery with Handheld Technology What is a POD? Why is it important? How long did it take to return a POD? Why and How does this help Gati? How long did ROI take?

  26. Forget the ATM: Deposit Checks Without Leaving Home What does federal Check 21 Act allow? What is the concern of consumers remotely depositing checks? What basic security is provided? What limits/restrictions are placed on the consumers?

  27. III. Output Technologies Most popular are video and printed output Video Output – most popular form of output Printed Output (Hardcopy) – most popular after video; still required for some legal purposes

  28. IV. Storage Tradeoffs Tradeoffs are Cost vs. speed vs. capacity, but all regularly increase in speed, cost and capacity Primary Storage (Random Access Memory or RAM) – Semiconductor memory, Volatile; faster but more expensive Secondary Storage – Magnetic Disks, Optical Disks, Magnetic Tape; Non-Volatile; slower but cheaper

  29. IV. Storage Tradeoffs Computer Storage Fundamentals Binary Representation – Two-state, on/off, +/-, 0/1 Bit – Binary digit, 0/1 Byte – Grouping of bits (typically 8 bits/byte), represents a single character ASCII – formalized code determining what byte values represent which character Storage capacities – kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB)

  30. IV. Storage Tradeoffs Direct and Sequential Access Direct Access – Random Access Memory (RAM) and Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) – Direct Access and Random Access are the same concept; locate an address on the storage device and go directly to that location for access to the datum Sequential Access – All tape devices are accessed serially – device must be read one record at a time from the first stored datum until the desired datum is located

  31. IV. Storage Tradeoffs

  32. IV. Storage Tradeoffs

  33. V. Semiconductor Memory RAM (Random Access Memory) – volatile, may be read and over-written ROM (Read Only Memory) – non-volatile, may be read but not over-written or erased; PROM and EPROM may be reprogrammed Flash (Jump) Drives – solid-state memory

  34. V. Semiconductor Memory ReadyBoost – Microsoft product that uses any flash product as a cache to increase Windows access speed Solid-State Drive (SSD) – transistor device created to be accessed like a hard drive; no moving parts, non-volatile, much faster access speed

  35. Work 7x24: Collaboration Technology for Small Companies What services does Work 7x24 provide? What group do they focus on? Why does this group need these services? Why might this group have been overlooked by larger organizations providing similar services?

  36. VI. Magnetic Disks – the most common form of secondary storage RAID Storage (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) – interconnected groups of hard drives, fast speeds, fault tolerant (redundant backups) through networks

  37. VII & VIII. Magnetic Tape & Optical Disks Magnetic Tape – slow speeds, but inexpensive for large amounts of backups Optical Disks – CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD-R (cannot be erased or re-written); CD-RW, DVD-RW (may be erased or re-written)

  38. VII. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RFID – for tagging and identifying mobile objects (store merchandise, postal objects, sometimes living organisms); provides information to a reader when requested Passive – no power source, derives power from the reader signal Active – self-powered, do not need to be close to the reader RFID Privacy Issues – may be used as spychips; gathers sensitive information about an individual without consent

  39. Kimberly-Clark: Secrets to RFID Success What percentage of K-C promotional materials arrived on time? How has RFID technology helped with this? Why is “Real-Time” important to Kimberly-Clark? What has the short-term payback been? Why do you think this is important?

  40. Computers Will Enable People to Live Forever What does Kurzweil think will happen in the near future? What time-frame does he place on this? What other advances does he see in the near future? Which of these advances do you think might be the most important? How might these affect Business in the future? How might you capitalize on tis for business purposes?

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