The Rise of the Ottoman Empire

1. The Rise of the Ottoman Empire And other Muslim Empires

2. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • When studying Islam, we discussed how the Arab Muslims created a vast Islamic civilization that spread from Spain to the Indus River • The Ottomans, a nomadic group of Turkish people from Central Asia, emerged as rulers of the Islamic world in the 13th Century.

3. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • In 1453, the Ottomans captured Constantinople • “Istanbul was Constantinople now it’s Istanbul not Constantinople…Why did Constantinople get the works? That’s nobody’s business by the Turks!”

4. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • For a while, Ottomans cut European trade with Asia and took control of the Mediterranean • Ottomans conquered Egypt and North Africa • Reunited the Muslim world under their rule except for Persia and Afghanistan

5. Apply it! • Why have empires throughout history fought to maintain control of the Mediterranean?

6. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire at its height • The Ottoman fleet controlled trade in the Mediterranean until they were defeated by Spaniards and Venetians

7. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • The heart of the Ottoman system was the Sultan • The Sultan in Istanbul governed the empire as an all-powerful ruler • The Early Ottoman Empire was well organized and efficient

8. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottomans recognized the cultural diversity of their empire • Jewish and Christian communities were able to have their own leaders, own laws, own taxes • These methods of government and trade promoted prosperity and stability • Learn more about the Ottoman Empire and trade here(fast forward to 5:00 if you want to get right into Ottoman)

9. Apply it! • What was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire called? • In what ways was the Ottoman Empire one of tolerance?

10. The Safavid Empire in Persia • The Safavids created an Islamic Empire in Persia in the 1500s • Safavids were Shi’ite (Shia) Muslims • Ottomans were Sunni Muslims

11. The Safavid Empire in Persia • Being Shi’ite, the Safavid had an identity separate from their Turkish and Arab neighbors • This still affects Iran today • Safavid rulers were known as Shahs • Safavid Empire became famous for beautiful palace and carpets

12. Apply it! • In what modern day area was the Safavid Empire? • How have the Safavid Empire’s idiosyncrasies translated into that modern day country?

13. The Muslim Invasion of India • Impact of Islam spread even further east than Turkey and Persia—all the way through the Kyber Pass to the Indian Subcontinent

14. The Muslim Invasions of India • In the 11th and 12th Centuries, Turkish Muslims invaded India’s northern plains and destroyed Hindu temples and cities • Many Hindus were killed • Muslims established independent kingdoms in Northern India, known as Sultanates

15. The Muslim Invasion of India • The most important Sultanate was established in Delhi • Sultans of Delhi ruled much of Northern and Central India • Muslims never fully adopted Indian ways (in contrast to the Aryans) • Muslims women wore veils while Hindus did not • Mongol ruler, Tamerlane destroyed the city of Delhi and the sultanate never recovered

16. The Mughal Empire • Babur, a descendent of Tamerlane and Chinggis Khan, defeated the Sultan of Delhi and founded the Mughal Empire • The name Mughal was taken from Mongol • But really had close connection to Safavid Persia • Because the later Ottoman and Mughal Empires used guns to control their population and fight enemies, they became known as the “Gunpowder Empires”

17. The Mughal Empire • The most famous Mughal ruler was Akbar the Great • Akbar conquered neighboring Muslim and Hindu states uniting Northern India under his rule

18. The Mughal Empire • Akbar united his Muslim and Hindu subjects through religious tolerance • He ended special taxes for Hindus and used Hindus in the government • Akbar divided his empire into provinces, encouraged learning, painting, music and literature

19. Apply it! • In what ways was Akbar a progressive leader?

20. The Mughal Empire • Grandson of Akbar was Shah Jahan • He showed less sympathy for Hindus • Imposed taxes on Hindus and destroyed Hindu temples • Many Hindus converted to avoid taxes and to get out of the caste system

21. The Mughal Empire • Jahan created the Mughal’s artistic and architectural high point • He built palaces, fortresses and mosques to glorify his reign. • The most important and most famous of these was the…

22. The Mughal Empire • TajMahal • Built as a tomb for his wife • Merged Persian, Islamic and Indian styles Click here to learn more about the Taj Mahal

23. TajMahal

24. Sikhism • Developed in Northern India • Resulted from interaction between Muslims and Hindus • Monotheistic • God can be known through meditation • The goal is to build a close and loving relationship with God • Scriptures teach moderation and equality • Sikh men do not cut their hair, often wear turbans

25. Sikhism More about Sikhism