Guiding Questions

2. Guiding Questions What was the significance of ‘Solidarity’ in Poland for the decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe? How far was Gorbachev personally responsible for the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe?

3. The Collapse of the Soviet Union And the world watched with wonder …

4. Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 15 Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan 7 Satellite Countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia

6. Why did the USSR collapse?

7. Was the Collapse Due to Force? The Cold War cost more than $11 trillion. But the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellites was not a result of force. • No NATO tank fired a shot. • No bomb fell on the Kremlin.

8. A Home-Grown Insurgency PEOPLE POWER!!! Instead, many factors contributed to the collapse: • Workers • Dissident intellectuals • Advocates of national self-determination • Reformers • People seeking economic & political change

9. Polish Trade Union: Solidarity The downfall began in 1980 when striking Polish workers organized Solidarity, an independent trade union of nearly 10 million members. Angry about economy & lack of freedoms

10. Support from Catholic Church Pope John Paul II was Polish – met with Solidarity leaders Poland had long tradition of strong Catholicism Solidarity showed how a working-class movement could offer an entire nation moral and political leadership.

11. Solidarity’s Leader: Lech Walesa Solidarity banned in 1981 by Communists Martial law imposed – Gen. Jaruzelski Massive public protests 1983 Solidarity’s chairman, Lech Walesa, won the Nobel peace prize. Huge protests – Govt legalized Solidarity & allowed free elections In 1990, he would be the first freely elected president of the Polish nation in more than sixty years.

12. The Gorbachev Revolution • Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power in 1985 • Recognized that the USSR could not remain politically and economically isolated • Horrible economy • People restless • Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive.

13. Gorbachev's Five-Point Plan The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms: • Glasnost (openness) – greater freedom of expression – more people called for change • Perestroika (restructuring) – decentralization of the Soviet economy with gradual market reforms • End the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreements • Reform of the KGB (secret service) • Reform of the Communist Party

14. Reforms Were Too Slow Reforms and decentralization of the economy (perestroika) were too slow - failed to keep pace with the crisis and his people's demands. Economic & social condition deteriorating

15. Release from Soviet Domination The Brezhnev Doctrine was articulated in 1968 when the Soviet army occupied Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring, an attempt by Alexander Dubcek to build “socialism with a human face.” End of the Brezhnev Doctrinereleased the Eastern European states from Soviet domination. The communist rulers of these states could not survive without the support of the Soviet Union.

16. Reagan’s Brandenburg Gate Speech President Ronald Reagan called upon Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall: "In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards... Even today, the Soviet Union cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion is that freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

17. President Reagan giving a speech at the Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany. June 12, 1987

18. Wave of Demonstrations Beginning in September 1989, a wave of huge demonstrations shook Communist regimes across eastern Europe. A massive tide of East German emigrants surged through Czechoslovakia and Hungary to the West, undermining the authority of the Communist hard-liners who still clung to power in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

19. A tram is blocked by East German demonstrators in the center of the city in October 1989. Their banner reads: 'Legalization of opposition parties, free democratic elections, free press and independent unions.'

20. The Wall Came Down • Finally, on the night of November 9, 1989, ordinary Germans poured through the Berlin Wall. The GDR quickly disintegrated, and by the end of 1990, all of East Germany had been incorporated into the wealthy, powerful Federal Republic of Germany.

22. The Rise of Nationalism Super Cute Protesters: Moldova: The hot, angry face of nationalism - Apr 13, 2009 With the iron grip of the centralized Soviet state relaxed and the growing failure of the state to adequately feed and clothe its people, nationalism in the republics surged and separatist movements threatened the very existence of the Soviet Union.

23. Events in Eastern Europe Communist governments in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria either tumbled or underwent reform. The Communist dictatorship in Romania fell after a week of bloody street battles between ordinary citizens and police, who defended the old order to the bitter end.

24. Radical Change Radical change finally reached the Soviet heartland in August 1991, when thousands of Russian citizens poured into the streets to defeat a reactionary coup d'état.

25. Independent Republics The Communist party quickly collapsed, and the Soviet Union began the painful and uncertain process of reorganizing itself as a loose confederation of independent republics.

26. Boris Yeltsin Time magazine's July 15, 1996, issue, featured a 10-page spread about a squad of U.S. political pros who "clandestinely participated in guiding Yeltsin's campaign.“ Boris Yeltsin, who headed the Russian Republic, replaced Gorbachev as president of a much- diminished state. Gorbachev found that there was no Soviet Union to lead and retired into private life.

27. Nobel Peace Prize Gorbachev won the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. He brought a peaceful end to the cold war, and dramatic change to his country's economy, though not in the way he intended.

28. The End of the Cold War The Cold War was over, brought to a close not by the missiles and tanks of the principal participants, but by the collective courage and willpower of ordinary men and women.

29. Ronald Reagan’s Role In the United States, partisans of Ronald Reagan claimed much of the credit for ending the Cold War. Reagan's frank denunciation of the Soviet Union as an “evil empire," along with his administration's military buildup, were said to have inspired eastern bloc dissidents at the same time the arms race exhausted the productive capacity of the Soviet Union and other inefficient Communist regimes.

30. Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945-2006 Source data from: Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, no. 4 (July/August 2006), 64-66. Online at http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/c4120650912x74k7/fulltext.pdf

31. The National Debt $438 billion deficit US Pop: 304,998,272 Share of Debt/Person: $34,526.04 Daily Increase: $3.84 billion

32. Another Side to the Story According to U.S. diplomat George Kennan, author of "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1947) and architect of the containment policy, the West's militarized posture helped the Communists to rationalize their authoritarian rule. The more U.S. policies followed a hard line, the greater was the tendency in Moscow to tighten the controls and to discourage liberalizing tendencies.

33. The Collapse of the Soviet Unionand the End of the Cold War John Paul II’sCATHOLICCHURCH East GermanNATIONALISM Lech Walesa'sSOLIDARITY Gorbachev’s REFORMS Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ronald Reagan’s FOREIGN POLICY Glasnost Perestroika EVIL EMPIRESpeech No BrezhnevDoctrine MILITARY BUILDUP Ordinary MEN & WOMEN ReformKGB ARMS RACE COURAGE ReformComm Party WILL POWER

34. Remaining Communist Countries At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of countries: Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan Asian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and Yemen Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia. The Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Africa: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Mozambique. Currently Identify as communist remain: Laos, North Korea (juche), Vietnam, China, and Cuba.