An Age of Limits

1. CHAPTER An Age of Limits 32 Overview Time Lines 1 The Nixon Administration SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall SECTION 3 The Ford and Carter Years SECTION 4 Environmental Activism SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. THEMES IN CHAPTER 32 Economic Opportunity Science and Technology Constitutional Concerns CHAPTER An Age of Limits 32 HOME “We have learned . . . even our great nation has its recognized limits. . . . We cannot afford to do everything, nor can we afford to lack boldness as we meet the future.” President Jimmy Carter, 1977

3. What do you know? • Read the quote above and answer the following: • What major foreign policy event of the 1960s and early 1970s had already revealed the nation’s limitations? • In what way did it show the country’s limitations? CHAPTER An Age of Limits 32 HOME “We have learned . . . even our great nation has its recognized limits. . . . We cannot afford to do everything, nor can we afford to lack boldness as we meet the future.” President Jimmy Carter, 1977

4. 1969 The U.S. becomes the first nation to put a person on the moon. 1970America celebrates the first Earth Day. 1973Senate begins investigation into the Watergate break-in. 1977Andrew Young becomes the first African American to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. 1979In Iran, 52 Americans are taken hostage. Israel and Egypt sign peace treaty at White House. CHAPTER Time Line 32 HOME The United States

5. 1969Golda Meir becomes prime minister of Israel. 1973A military junta, led by Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, seizes power in Chile. 1970Nigeria ends its 2 1/2-year civil war. 1971U.N. votes to admit China and expel Taiwan. 1975South Vietnam surrenders to North Vietnam. 1979The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. Ayatollah Khomeini seizes power in Iran. CHAPTER Time Line 32 HOME The World

6. Learn About President Nixon’s domestic and foreign policy initiatives. To Understand how Nixon tried to lead the nation in a conservative direction and ease Cold War tensions throughout the world. SECTION 1 The Nixon Administration HOME

7. SECTION 1 The Nixon Administration HOME Key Idea President Richard M. Nixon attempts to move the country in a more conservative direction and ease Cold War tensions throughout the world.

8. Slowed Change Promoted Change SECTION 1 The Nixon Administration HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What are some of the policies of Richard Nixon that promoted change and those that slowed it down? • started revenue sharing program • supported Family Assistance Plan • visited China • visited Soviet Union • signed SALT I • impounded funds allocated by Congress • abolished Office of Equal Opportunity • slowed desegregation efforts • appointed conservative justices to the Supreme Court

9. INTERPRETING Do you think Richard Nixon fulfilled his campaign promise to mend the divisiveness in the United States? THINK ABOUT • his policy of law and order • his decisions on busing and integration • his Supreme Court appointments • his economic reforms SECTION 1 The Nixon Administration HOME 1 Section Assessment

10. EVALUATING In your opinion, did Nixon’s foreign policy of détente help solve the country’s major foreign policy problems? THINK ABOUT • the definition and origin of détente • the effect of détente on U.S. dealings with Communist countries • the effect of détente on the American public SECTION 1 The Nixon Administration HOME 1 Section Assessment

11. Learn About the events known as the Watergate scandal. To Understand why Watergate presented one of the most serious constitutional crises in U.S. history. SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall HOME

12. SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall HOME Key Idea Richard Nixon’s involvement in the cover-up of a campaign office burglary forces him to resign from office—the only president to do so.

13. Uncovering the Watergate Scandal The Government: Nixon’s staff: The Media: SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING Who were the individuals or groups who helped uncover the Watergate scandal? Who were the people from the government and media, as well as those on Nixon’s staff who testified? • Attorney General Elliot Richardson • Archibald Cox and Leon Jaworski • Sam Ervin • The House Judiciary Committee • Judge John Sirica • The Supreme Court • John Dean • Presidential aide Alexander Butterfield Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

14. ANALYZING Which events of the Watergate scandal do you think were most significant? THINK ABOUT • the purpose of each event • the legal implications of each event • the charges in the articles of impeachment SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall HOME 2 Section Assessment

15. HYPOTHESIZING Imagine that Nixon had admitted to and apologized for the Watergate break-in immediately after it occurred. How might subsequent events have been different? THINK ABOUT • the extent of the cover-up • the impact of the cover-up on the nation • the effect of the cover-up on Nixon’s image SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall HOME 2 Section Assessment

16. Learn About the domestic and foreign policies of the Ford and Carter administrations. To Understand how each man attempted to solve the country’s worsening economic crisis and deal with an increasingly complex world. SECTION 3 The Ford and Carter Years HOME

17. SECTION 3 The Ford and Carter Years HOME Key Idea In the wake of Watergate, Presidents Ford and Carter try to restore faith in America’s leadership as they battle the worst economic crisis in decades.

18. SEQUENCING HISTORY What were some of the major events of the Ford and Carter administrations? 1977 U.S. and Panama sign treaty. September 8, 1974 Ford pardons Nixon. November 4, 1979 Iranians seize U.S.hostages. 1980 14 percent inflation. December 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan. 1975 Helsinki Accords signed. March 1979 Sadat and Begin signpeace treaty. SECTION 3 The Ford and Carter Years HOME 33 Section Assessment

19. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING How were the actions taken by Presidents Ford and Carter to address the country’s economic downturn similar? How did they differ? THINK ABOUT • Ford’s “Whip Inflation Now” policy • Carter’s “moral equivalent of a war” speech • Carter’s legislative agenda SECTION 3 The Ford and Carter Years HOME 33 Section Assessment

20. FORMING OPINIONS Do you agree with President Carter that human rights concerns should steer U.S. foreign policy? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the responsibility of promoting human rights • the loss of certain ally countries • the collapse of détente with the Soviet Union SECTION 3 The Ford and Carter Years HOME 33 Section Assessment

21. Learn About America’s efforts during the 1970s to address its environmental problems. To Understand how the nation attempted to strike a balance between environmental concerns and continued industrial growth. SECTION 4 Environmental Activism HOME

22. SECTION 4 Environmental Activism HOME Key Idea Americans, struck by their sense of limitations, begin to address a growing number of environmental concerns.

23. SUMMARIZING What were some events that illustrate the growing concern for the environment in the United States? People struggle to balance environmental and economic concerns. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring. Concern for the environmentgrew in the United States. In 1970, the first Earth Day is held. Nixon organizes the EPA. Three Mile Island raises concerns about nuclear power. SECTION 4 Environmental Activism HOME 4 Section Assessment

24. ANALYZING CAUSES Why do you think Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring had such an impact when it was published? THINK ABOUT • environmental awareness before the 1960s • the message of Silent Spring • the domestic agendas of the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations SECTION 4 Environmental Activism HOME 4 Section Assessment

25. FORMING OPINIONS How much should the United States rely on nuclear power as a source of energy? THINK ABOUT • the safety of nuclear power • the alternatives to nuclear power • U.S. energy demands SECTION 4 Environmental Activism HOME 4 Section Assessment

26. 32 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. In what ways did President Nixon attempt to reform the federal government? 2. How did Nixon try to combat stagflation? 3. Describe Nixon’s philosophy in foreign policy and the results of this philosophy. 4. In what ways did the participants in Watergate try to cover up the scandal? 5. What were the results of the Watergate scandal?

27. 32 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. What were President Ford’s greatest successes as president? 7. How did President Carter attempt to solve the energy crisis? 8. Describe Carter’s foreign policy, using examples to show its impact. 9. What were factors that increased Americans’ concerns about environmental issues? 10. What was the impact of the Three Mile Island incident?