化 生 英 语

1. 新职业英语 化 生 英 语 Unit 2 Product Development

2. Home Next > < Back 1 6 Writing Warming-up Project 7 2 Reading A Self-evaluation 8 3 8 Listening 4 9 Vocabulary and Structure Speaking Reading B 10 Grammar 5 9

3. Home Task 1 Task 2

4. < Back Home Next > Task 1 Bringing a new drug to market involves a series of research stages. Try to arrange the following statements in time order and give your reasons. A. File an Investigational New Drug Application with the relevant authorities. B. Test the new drug on a small number of volunteer. C. Test the new drug on patients. D. Test the effectiveness and safety of the new drug on an appropriate animal model. E. Conduct the discovery work for a new drug in a laboratory. A E D B C

5. Home Next > < Back Task 2 Match each of the following pictures with its corresponding situation that might occur in the drug development process. (A) (B) (C ) (D) ( ) 1. finalizing the formula of a new drug ( ) 2. selecting the ingredients for a new drug ( ) 3. drafting the research and development report of a new drug ( ) 4. testing the effectiveness and safety of a new drug on an animal model D C B A

6. Home < Back Next > Task 1 Text Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Background Information

7. 1. optimal health Optimal health means to live a life with robust vitality, free of troubling symptoms and chronic disease and to enjoy physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.

8. 2. nutrient There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamins and water . Some nutrients are required regularly, while others are needed only occasionally. Poor health can be caused by an imbalance of nutrients whether an excess or a deficiency.

9. 3. degenerative disease A degenerative diseaseis a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. Degenerative diseases are often contrasted with infectious diseases.

10. 4. dietary deficiencies Dietary deficienciesare disorders that occur because of a lack of essential nutrients in the diet, or because the body cannot absorb and process those nutrients once they are eaten. Most dietary deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of protein, vitamins or minerals.

11. Task 1 Vitamins and minerals are essential elements that our body needs in order to stay healthy. Try to list some of them and explain which parts of our body they are especially good for.

12. 声音 翻译 An Optimum Nutrition Formula The medicine of the future will no longer be remedial, it will be preventive; not based on drugs but on the optimum nutrition for health.

13. 声音 翻译 The subject of nutrition is massively wide and deep. There is so much to know and so many seemingly contradictory theories on the subject of nutrition and its relationship with human body and mental function.

14. 声音 翻译 Vitamins and minerals are essential for almost every function of the body. They are vital for energy and they protect you from early ageing and degenerative diseases. And because they work together they are best digested and absorbed as natural and wholesome foods, in the context of a balanced and varied diet, not on their own in the form of nutrition supplements.

15. 声音 翻译 Nevertheless, supplements can play a role in preventing the risk of deficiencies and in remedying the symptoms of deficiencies, all too common following long-term consumption of over-processed foods. If you are suffering from significant health problems caused by dietary deficiencies, it is best to obtain professional guidance for remedial therapy from a nutrition consultant, who will work together with your doctor.

16. 声音 翻译 The question is, how much do you need of the various vitamins and minerals? There’s a big difference between the amount required to prevent deficiencies that would lead to serious degeneration, and the amount of each vitamin and mineral you need for optimum health.

17. 声音 翻译 A few years ago, some American scientists worked this out for every nutrient and called the amounts Suggested Optimum Nutrient Allowances or SONAs. Based on their SONAs, they recommend, for optimum health, the following daily dietary intake of vitamins and minerals, with some changes as necessary: Vitamin A7500 i.u., Beta Carotene 2500 i.u.,Vitamin D 300 i.u.,Vitamin E 150 i.u., VitaminK (not included), Vitamin C 300 mg, Vitamin B137.5 mg, Vitamin B2 37.5 mg, Vitamin B3 75 mg,Vitamin B5 75 mg, Vitamin B6 75 mg,

18. 声音 翻译 Vitamin B1215 mcg, Folic Acid 150 mcg,Biotin 75 mcg, Choline 30 mg,Inos i tol 30 mg , Calcium500 mg,Magnesium 225 mg,Potassium (not supplied),Iron 15 mg, Zinc 15 mg,Manganese 4.5 mg, Copper75 mcg, Chromium 30 mcg,Selenium 45 mcg, Boron2 mcg.

19. 最佳营养配方 未来的药品将不再是治疗型，而是预防型； 不再基于药物，而是基于对健康有益的营养元素。

20. 含有营养元素的物质包罗万象。有关营养 元素和人体的体能和脑力机能之间的关系有许 多看似矛盾的理论，也有太多需要探索的领域。

21. 几乎人体的各项机能都离不开维生素和物质。它们对保持活力、防止早衰和退行性疾病至关重要。由于这些营养元素是共同起作用的，因此他们的消化和吸收最好是通过自然、健康的食品和平衡多样化的膳食结构，而不是通过营养补充剂的形式单独摄取。

22. 然而，营养补剂却可以在防止营养不良或 消除营养不良症状方面起到一些作用，长期食 用过度精加工食品最容易造成营养不良或出现 营养不良症状。如果你被因饮食营养所造成的 健康问题所困扰，最好去咨询一下营养师，他 会与你的医生合作并向你提供专业性的指导。

23. 问题是，对于各类维生素和矿物质，你需 要多大的剂量？预防可能会导致恶性退行性疾 病的营养不良所需的剂量与使你的身体达到最 佳健康状态所需的剂量之间大不相同。

24. 几年前，一些美国科学家通过研究确定了保持健康所需各种营养物质的剂量，称之为“建议摄取的营养物最佳剂量”（SONAs）。在此基础上，经过必要的调整，他们给出了保持健 康每日所需的维生素和矿物质的摄取量：7500国际单位维生素A，2500 国际单位胡萝卜素，300 国际单位维生素 D，150 国际单位维生素E，维生素 K ( 未包含)，300 毫克维生素C，37.5毫克维生素B1，37.5 毫克维生素B2，75 毫克维生素B3，75 毫克维生素B5，75 毫克维生素B6，15 微克维生素B12，150 微克叶酸，75 微克生物素，30 毫克胆碱，30 毫克肌醇，500 毫克钙，225 毫克镁，钾 ( 未提供)，15 毫克铁，15 毫克锌，4.5 毫克锰，75 微克铜，30 微克铬，45 微克硒，2 微克硼。

25. remedial • curing or helping e.g. 1. Remedial measures should be adopted.. 2. The management is taking remedial measures against unemployment.

26. based on sth to do something or develop something using a particular piece of information as the reason or starting point e.g. 1. This movie is based on a true story. 2. In the 21st century, competition will not be based on products alone.

27. contradictory • stating the contrary or opposite; • logically opposite e.g. 1. The two conclusions are contradictory.  2. His remark was contradictory to the truth.

28. essential a. important andnecessary e.g. 1.Good food is essential for our health. 2.What is the essential difference between these two plans?

29. vital a. extremely important andnecessary e.g. 1. The kidney plays a vital role in the removal of waste products from the blood. 2. Improving the environment is vital to the health of the citizens.

30. inthe context of in the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it e.g. 1. Some events have to be considered in the context of the social development. 2. Please illustrate this principle in the context of phenomena discussed in this chapter.

31. on one’s own alone; without any help e.g. 1. She has lived on her own since her divorce. 2. We can't solve this problem on our own.

32. in the form of in the way in which something exists, is presented, or appears e.g. 1. You can get the vitamin C in the form of tablets or liquid. 2. Financial aid in the form of scholarships, assistantships and grants is available to students.

33. suffer v. to experience sth. bad, such as pain, sickness, or the effects of a bad e.g. 1. He suffered from a terrible headache. 2. Some small businesses have suffered huge profit losses during the economic crisis.

34. lead to to make something happen or exist as a result of something else e.g. 1.Careless driving often leads to traffic accidents. 2. Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.

35. work out to calculate an amount, price or value; to think carefully in order to solve a problem or plan something e.g. 1. I believe that you can work out this problem by yourself. 2. Have you worked out the bill?

36. Task 2Complete the following table according to the passage. preventive the optimum nutrition for health vital for energy protect you from early ageing and degenerative diseases prevent the risk of deficiencies remedy the symptoms of deficiencies suggested Optimum Nutrient Allowances SONAs

37. Task 3Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) according to the passage. T T T F T

38. Task 4 Researchers usually carry out a series of tests on a new drug to ensure its effectiveness and safety before bringing it into application. Work with your partner to find out the testing stages of a new drug and give a short presentation to the class.

39. Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5

40. Task1 The following conversation takes place in Prof. Smith’s office. Listen to it and complete the following statements. honored nutrition product 28 leading busy lives unlock energy

41. Task 1Script

42. Task2 Ms. Baker is talking about the whole process of developing a new drug with Mike. Listen to it and match the information in the left column with that in the right column.

43. Task 2 Script

44. Task3 After finishing preclinical testing successfully, Ms. Baker is now discussing with Mike what they should do next. Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with what you hear. satisfactory human trials heard of drugs enter Administration

45. reviewed permission approval

46. Task 3 Script

47. Task4 After getting the permission from FDA, now Ms. Baker and Mike will start clinical trials. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions. Two. A small number of volunteers in Phase I and patients in Phase II. To determine the action of the drug on humans and the side effects associated with increasing doses. Further evaluating the drug’s safety and effectiveness in patients. A new Investigational New Drug application.

48. Task 4 Script

49. Task5 Ms. Baker and Mike have finally finished all the testing. Listen to the following conversation and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Write key words to support your answers. √ They should first analyze all the data. If the data successfully demonstrate both safety and effectiveness, they can apply for the New Drug Application. √

50. √ FDA also weighs up the need for a new drug. √ √