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The Beginning of the Life Cycle

This lesson presented by Shelly Belithe, Melda Louis, Shreya Kaushal, Kate Keeley, and Cindy Paul focuses on fetal development during the three trimesters of pregnancy, common complications, stages of birth, and available resources in Gainesville. The objective is to provide pregnant high school girls with knowledge, attitudes, and practices for a healthy pregnancy.

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The Beginning of the Life Cycle

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  1. The Beginning of the Life Cycle Group 3 Chapter 20 Lesson 1

  2. Presented byShelly Belithe, Melda Louis, Shreya Kaushal, Kate Keeley, Cindy Paul For Pregnant high school girls (grades 9-12)

  3. Objectives Knowledge The students will be able to: • List at least one highlight of fetal development during the first, second, and third trimesters. • Describe at least two common complications that occur during pregnancy. • List and describe the three stages of birth. • Identify resources in Gainesville they can use i.e. Medicaid, WIC, and Food Stamps.

  4. Objectives • Attitude: The students will be able to: • Feel responsible in having the knowledge to care for themselves and their growing child. • Feel secure as they are aware of signs and symptoms that could lead to complications.

  5. Objectives • Practice: The students will be able to: • Take steps to have a healthy pregnancy i.e. nutrition, sleep, and exercise. • Distinguish between true and false labor.

  6. Prenatal Development

  7. CONCEPTION • Sperm unites with the egg to form zygote • 23 chromosomes from each parent • Unique genetic fingerprint determines: • gender • body type • color of hair, eyes, skin

  8. IMPLANTATION • Occurs 7 to 10 days after fertilization • Blastocyst attaches to the wall of your uterus • Body starts producing the pregnancy hormone hCG • Now referred to as an embryo

  9. 1st TrimesterThe 1st MONTH • The embryo grows 10,000 times larger than at conception • The placenta is an organ in the uterus that nourishes the embryo • By the third week, the heart begins to beat

  10. 1st Trimester2 MONTHS • Embryo is now called a fetus • Teeth form and fingers and toes develop • Brain waves • All body systems are present • Fetus can suck histhumb!

  11. 1st Trimester3 MONTHS • The fetus can now squint, swallow and move the tongue • sleep • own fingerprints • sensitive to touch

  12. 2nd Trimester4 MONTHS • The brain is maturing • Eyelids are sealed shut • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) has been recorded- a sign of dreaming • What do they dream about in the womb???

  13. 2nd Trimester5 MONTHS • The fetus is very active • Kicking, hiccupping, turning • Babies born at this stage have survived

  14. 2nd Trimester6 Months • The fetus can sweat • The skin is covered with a white filmy layer to protect him from scratches as he twists and turns • The fetus can respond to sound

  15. 3rd Trimester7 Months • The fetus can now recognize the mother’s voice • At this time the eyes can reopen • Fingernails cover his fingertips

  16. 3rd Trimester8 Months • The fetus continues to gain weight • The fetus is developing a layer of fat to keep warm after birth • Will shift to a head-down position to prepare for birth

  17. 3rd Trimester9 Months • The lungs are fully developed and capable of breathing air • As the womb becomes more crowded, you may feel less movement

  18. What is happening to your body?

  19. Prevent Complication

  20. Nutrition and Supplements • 300 extra calories a day • Maintain a well-balanced diet that incorporates the dietary guidelines including: • lean meats • fruits • vegetables • whole-grain breads • low-fat dairy products

  21. Calcium • Pregnant women need 27 to 30 mg of calcium • Good sources of calcium include: • low-fat dairy products • calcium-fortified products • dark green vegetables • dried beans

  22. Iron • Needed to make hemoglobin • Red blood cells deliver oxygen to all cells • Some examples of iron-rich foods include: • red meat • tuna • eggs • enriched grains • leafy green vegetables

  23. Folate (Folic Acid) • CDC recommends 0.4 milligrams of folic acid supplements every day • Studies have shown that folic acid supplements decrease the risk of neural tube defects by up to 70%

  24. Fluids • Drink plenty of fluids, especially water • Prevents dehydration • Prevents constipation

  25. Exercise • 30 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity every day • prevents excess weight gain • reduces back pain, swelling, and constipation • improves sleep • increases energy • lessens recovery time

  26. Sleep Comfortable position • Lying on side with knees bent • Keeps heart rate at a normal speed • Reduce varicose veins, constipation, hemorrhoids Sleep on left side • Keeps uterus off large organs • Optimizes blood flow to placenta then to baby • Keeps pressure off your back

  27. Fish/Certain Foods • Limit to 12 pounds of fish per week • Foods you'll want to steer clear of include: • soft, un pasteurized cheeses • un pasteurized milk • raw eggs • raw or undercooked meats • processed meats • Avoid fish with too much mercury

  28. COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY

  29. High Blood Pressure • Toxemia, Hypertension • Blood pressure drops in the 1st and 2nd trimester and rises only in the 7th month • Leads to stroke, growth retardation, and premature delivery

  30. Diabetes • Excessive hunger and thirst • Frequent Urination especially during the second trimester • Recurrent vaginal infection • High Blood Pressure

  31. For mother diabetes can lead to: A miscarriage An abnormal Fetus A Premature Delivery For a baby diabetes can cause: Hypoglycemia or Low blood sugar level Harmful Effects of Diabetes

  32. How Much Weight Should I Gain?

  33. Excessive Weight Gain • Hydraminos • Greater pressure on the cervix causes premature dilation and delivery • Large fetus could lead to difficult delivery

  34. Inadequate Weight Gain Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) • A condition where the growth of the fetus is abnormal • Less amniotic fluid around the fetus (oligohydramnios )

  35. Placental Abruption • Major cause for bleeding during late pregnancy • Results from placenta peeling away from the uterus • It occurs in less than 1 % of the females

  36. Placenta Praevia • Low lying placenta • Attached to the lower half of the uterus, partially covering, or touching the cervix • Complication occurs in only 1% or less of full-term pregnancies

  37. RH Factor • Associated with the blood type • People with no Rh factor in their blood are called Rh negative • Occurs only if the mother is Rh negative but the father is positive

  38. Pre-Eclampsia • Pregnancy-induced hypertension • If the mother’s blood pressure still rises during the third trimester along with weight gain, then it is often referred to as Pre-eclampsia

  39. The Birth Process

  40. How to Tell when Labor Is Approaching • Contractions • Lower back pain • Premenstrual cramps • Water breaks • Mucous discharge • Cervix is dilating

  41. regular intervals and get closer together continue despite movement felt in the back then to the front irregular and do not get closer together may stop when you walk or rest felt in the abdomen True Labor Vs. False LaborContractions

  42. What Happens During Labor

  43. Stage 1 • The cervix thins out • Stage usually lasts several hours • Early labor- 0 to 3 centimeters dilated • Active labor -3 to 4 centimeters dilated contractions more intense and frequent and the cervix dilates faster By the end of the first stage, the cervix will have fully dilated to 10 centimeters

  44. Stage 2 • The mother starts to push • Labor may last 2 or 3 hours • Depending on several factors: -position of the baby's head -size of the baby -size of birth canal • End of stage: Birth

  45. Stage 3 • The placenta, or afterbirth, comes out of the uterus through the birth canal • Usually happens within 30 minutes after the birth of the baby

  46. Episiotomy • Baby’s head appears • Perineum stretches and may tear • To prevent tearing, doctor makes a small incision to enlarge vaginal opening

  47. Breech presentation • The baby's bottom or legs are positioned to enter the birth canal instead of the head • The extent of the risk depends to a great extent on the type of breech presentation, of which there are three

  48. Forceps delivery • Required if: • umbilical dropped down in front of the baby into the birth canal • baby is too large to pass • baby shows signs of stress • mother too exhausted to push

  49. Vacuum-assisted birth • Used after the cervix is fully dilated and the head of the fetus has begun to descend through the pelvis • Creates suction that gently pulls on the cup to ease the baby down the birth canal

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