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BIOCHEMISTRY

Explore the fundamental concepts of biochemistry, including organic compounds, atoms, elements, and the four groups of organic molecules. Learn about carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and how molecules are combined and broken down. Dive into the structures and functions of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms.

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BIOCHEMISTRY

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  1. BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry of life

  2. ORGANIC COMPOUND • Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN • Ex. C6H12O6 is GLUCOSE

  3. INORGANIC COMPOUND • Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together. • Examples • H2O = water • CO2 = carbon dioxide

  4. ATOMS • One of the simplest units of matter • Made of: • Protons-have a positive charge (+) • Electrons-have a negative charge (-) • Neutrons-have NO charge (0)

  5. ELEMENT • Made of one kind of atom • Examples: • C = Carbon • H = Hydrogen • O = Oxygen • N = Nitrogen

  6. COMPOUND • Two or more atoms, chemically combined and held together by bonds.

  7. FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N

  8. CARBOHYDRATES • Examples • Bread • Candy • Brownies • Pasta • Rice • Beans • All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)

  9. CARBOHYDRATES • 3 different types of carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  10. CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides • Made of one sugar • End in –ose • Source of energy • Has chemical formula C6H12O6 • Ratio of H to O is 2:1 • Examples: • Glucose • Fructose • Maltose • Lactose

  11. CARBOHYDRATES • Disaccharide • End in –ose • Ratio of H to O is 2:1 • Consist of 2 sugar molecules • Example: • sucrose

  12. CARBOHYDRATES • Polysaccharides • 3 or more sugars combined • Complex structure • Examples • Cellulose • Starches

  13. HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED? • Dehydration Synthesis • The process by which molecules are joined together by removing water.

  14. HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN? • Hydrolysis • The process by which compounds are separated from each other by adding water.

  15. PROTEINS • Made of Amino Acids • Always contain C,H,O,N • All structures in an organism are made of proteins. • Proteins make up: • Enzymes • Muscle Tissue • Blood Cells • Cell Growth and Repair • Hormones

  16. PROTEINS • Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. • 3 Different types • Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid) • Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids) • Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)

  17. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE • Amino Acids are made of 3 parts: • An amino group • A carboxyl group • An R side chain

  18. Amino Acids • There are 20 types of amino acids • 8 of them are essential • Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline, Serine

  19. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2 AMINO ACIDS

  20. HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN

  21. LIPIDS • Also called fats, oils and waxes • Organic (made of C, H, O) • No ratio of H to O • Found in all living things • Used for • energy storage • source of energy • insulation • Protection • sub-structure of cell membrane

  22. LIPIDS • Lipids are made of two parts: • Glycerol • 3 Fatty Acids

  23. LIPIDS • Two types of fatty acids • Saturated • Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperature • Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese • Unsaturated • Fats that are double bonded. • Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil

  24. LIPIDS • In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups

  25. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Contains genetic information (heredity) • Controls cellular activities • Found in all living things • It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)

  26. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA is made of units called nucleotides • Nucleotides consist of: • A phosphate group • A monosaccharide (ribose) • A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

  27. A NUCLEOTIDE

  28. DNA • Double helix • Bases: • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) • DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bonds

  29. RNA • Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesis • Single stranded (NOT double helix) • Smaller than DNA

  30. RNA • Made of nucleotides • Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base • Bases in RNA: • Adenine (A) • Uracil (U) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)

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