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Engineering & the Environment. Lei Wang October 20, 2004. ECE 290. Outline. Introduction Life Cycle Design Design flow Optimization model generation Analysis of solution set Conclusion References. How Engineered Products Impact the Environment. Manufacture Exhaustion of Raw Materials
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Engineering & the Environment Lei Wang October 20, 2004 ECE 290 .
Outline • Introduction • Life Cycle Design • Design flow • Optimization model generation • Analysis of solution set • Conclusion • References
How Engineered Products Impact the Environment • Manufacture • Exhaustion of Raw Materials • Energy Use • Emissions • Product Use • Energy Use • Emissions • Product Disposal
Impact of Environmental issues on Engineering Decisions • Environmental regulations impose constraints on product designs and manufacturing processes • Environmental regulations impose costs which may affect engineering decisions • Competition • Green products
Design for Environment • Requirements for environment • use product longer • increase the amount of reuse • recycle materials • save energy • Customer satisfactions • quality • the latest technology • price that matches service
The Modern DfE Paradigm • Balance between environmental considerations and custom satisfactions • Reuse/recycling • Focus on all aspects of product life cycle • Lower environmental burden • A challenging and multi-objective optimization problem
Life Cycle Design (LCD) • Design of completely new products • Design for variety • e.g. Printers: • Color InkJet printers • Photo printers • Black & white LaserJet printers • Color LaserJet printers • Large format printers
Life Cycle Design Flow • Voice of customers • Existing product groups • Spatial or generational variety • Life cycle optimization • Product detail design
Design Optimization Model • Market Analysis • Design target definition • Quality function analysis • Value prediction of objectives • Problem formulation • Generation of solution set • Evaluation of solutions
Market Analysis • Market size and trend • Potential competitors • Cause of product variation • Potential customers and their preference
Design Problem Definition • How to satisfy the customers’ need? • In what degree does the current products need changing • Product upgrades are less intensive in terms of energy and materials
Problem Formulation • Life cycle variables • Life cycle modeling • Value prediction of parameters in life cycle models • Optimization algorithm selection
Life Cycle Variables, Parameters, and Constant • Life time (year) • Maintenance (yes/no and how to?) • Upgrade (yes/no) • Update time • End-of-life strategy (reuse/recycle)
Modeling of Objectives Obj(i) = fi(X1, X2, … Xn-1) • Energy consumption • Waste disposal • Function • Quality • Time to market • Availability
Product Data Prediction • Changes of user’s requirement • Changes of engineering metrics • Changes of modular or function • Estimation of values of parameters in LC models
Generation of Solution Set • Effect of changes in the values of parameters • Sensitivity analysis • Change of objectives’ priority • Range of variables
Service-Oriented Life Cycle Design • Shift from selling products to selling services • Improve products without increasing cost to customer • Company has complete access to components for reuse • e.g. Xerox – emphasis on selling “photocopier service” rather than photocopiers, IBM – grid computing
DfE Initiatives • Develop products with consideration for better function and service capability • Develop products with consideration of reuse and recycling • Develop products for safe disposal • Develop products using recycled materials when technically and economically viable • Develop products for improved energy efficiency or reduced consumption of energy
Conclusion • Environmental Considerations Impact Design by way of • Regulations • Customer preferences • DfE must enter the design process at the outset • DfE must consider entire product life cycle • Benchmarking is necessary to compare alternatives or evaluate progress
References • S. Yu, S. Kato, and F Kimura, “EcoDesign of Product Variety: A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework,” Proc. EcoDesign2001, Tokyo, 2001, pp.293-298. • H. Kobayashi and N. Fushiya, “Life Cycle Planning Methods for Environmentally Conscious Products,” Proc. ISEE, 87 (1999). • W. Knight, “Product Benchmarking Using DfE Analysis Tools,” Proc. ISEE, 92 (1999). • D. A. Ufford and W. J. Ward, “Next Generation Design for the Environment Paradigms,” Proc. ISEE, 204 (1999). • D. L. Thurston and W. F. Hoffman III, “Integrating Customer Preferences into Green Design and Manufacturing,” Proc. ISEE, 209 (1999). • T. A. Bhamra and S. Evans, “The Next Step in Ecodesign: Service-Oriented Life Cycle Design,” Proc. ISEE, 263 (1999).
