Chapter 5 Section 2

1. Chapter 5Section 2 Cities Expand and Change

2. A Nation of Cities -IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY AMERICA EXPERIENCED A PERIOD OF URBANIZATION IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF CITES AND PEOPLE LIVING IN THEM INCREASED DRAMATICALLY -URBAN PEOPLE LIVED DIFFERENTLY THAN RURAL PEOPLE: 1. THEY WORKED ON SCHEDULES 2. RODE TROLLY CARS 3. PAID RENT FOR APARTMENTS 4. INTERACTED WITH MANY STRANGERS

3. ADVANTAGES FOR CITIES -AMERICAN CITIES WERE MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPROTAION CENTERS -ATTRACTED IMMIGRANTS AND RURAL AMERICANS BY JOBS IN FACTORIES OR SERVICE INDUSTRIES -GREATER OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN; EDUCATED WOMEN WORKED AS TEACHERS OR SECRETARIES -CITIES OFFERED PROMISE; BY SAVING WAGES CITY WORKERS MIGHT MOVE INTO THE MIDDLE CLASS -THEIR CHILDREN BENEFITTED BY BEING ABLE TO ATTEND GOOD SCHOOLS -ONLY THE VERY POOREST WERE UNABLE TO ENJOY A HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY -CHURCHES, THEATERS, SOCIAL CLUBS, AND MUSEUMS OFFERED ENTERTAINMENT TO CITY DWELLERS

4. ADVANTAGES FOR CITIES -TRANSPORTATION WAS EASILY ACCESSIBLE -MIGRANTS MOVED FROM CITY TO CITY TRYING TO IMPROVE THEIR FORTUNES

5. FARMERS MIGRATE TO CITIES RURAL TO URBAN MIGRANTS HAD DIFFICULT TIME -FORMER AGRICULTURE WORKERS WORKED IN DIM LIGHT AND ON RIGID SCHEDULES THE INCREASING DIFFICULTY TO MAKE A LIVING ON THE FARM< COMBINED WITH THE VARIETY OF CITY LIFE CAUSED RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION

6. Technology and City Life -POLITICIANS AND WORKERS STRUGGLED TO KEEP UP WITH THE GROWTH OF CITIES TO PROVIDE WATER, SEWER, SCHOOLS and SAFETY BY DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS -ELECTRIC TROLLEYS and SUBWAYS, BUILDING CODES, AND OTHER INNOVATIONS KEPT CROWDED CITIES FROM POLLUTION AND CHAOS

7. SKYSCRAPERS -BEGAN IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY a. TEN STORY AND TALLER BUILDINGS WITH STEEL FRAMES AND ARTISTIC DESIGNS TO MAGNIFY THEIR HEIGHT

8. SKYSCRAPERS ONLY POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF THE ELEVATOR INNOVATIONS BY ELISHA OTIS PLUS DEVELOPMENTS OF IMPROVED HEAT AND AIR SYSTEMS Elisha Graves Otis (1811-1861) invented a safety device in 1852 that made elevators much safer by preventing them from falling if the hoisting cable parted.

9. ELECTRICITY 1888 STREETCARS POWERED BY OVERHEAD ELECTRIC CABLES WERE INTRODUCED IN RICHMOND, VA; EVERY MAJOR CITY FOLLOWED. ELECTRIC STREETCARS WERE THE BEGINNING OF MASS TRANSIT; PUBLIC SYSTEMS THAT COULD CARRY LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE FAIRLY INEXPENSIVELY AND RAN ON A RELIABLE SCHEDULE

10. ELECTRICITY 1897-BOSTON BEGAN THE NATIONS FIRST SUBWAY SYSTEM MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE WHO COULD AFFORD TRANSIT FARES MOVED TO SUBURBS; CLEANER, QUIETER PLACES TO LIVE POOR PEOPLE HAD TO REMAIN IN THE CITIES SO THEY COULD WALK TO WORK

11. City Planning AS CITIES GREW THEY NEEDED TO BE MORE FUNCTIONAL AND BEAUTIFUL; THE START OF CITY PLANNING DANIEL BURNHAM DESIGNED THE FIRST MAJOR PLAN FOR THE BIG CITY OF CHICAGO IN 1893

12. City Planning MASS TRANSIT ALLOWED THESE PLANNERS TO SET ZONES FOR THE CITY; DESIGNATING CERTAIN AREAS FOR PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS PARKS WERE IMPORTANT TO CITIES FREDERICK LAW OLMSTEAD DESIGNED FAIRMONT PARK IN PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK CITY’s CENTRAL PARK

13. Problems with Urban Living -GROWING CITIES SUFFERED FROM OVERCROWDING AND POVERTY -HOUSING WAS A PROBLEM; MOST CITY WORKERS LIVED IN TENEMENTS: LOW COST MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING DESIGNED TO SQUEEZE IN AS MANY FAMILIES AS POSSIBLE -TENEMENT OWNERS BUILT APARTMENTS FOR DESPARATE PEOPLE WHO HAD LITTLE CHOICE ABOUT WHERE THEY LIVED -TENEMENTS WERE DANGEROUS; FEW WINDOWS AND LITTLE SANITATION (UNHEALTHY)

14. FIRE and CRIME -OPEN FIREPLACES AND GAS LIGHTING STARTED FIRES EASILY -FIRE DESTROYED CHICAGO IN 1871; KILLING BETWEEN 200-300 PEOPLE, THIS CAUSED MANY CITIES TO DEVELOP FIRE FIGHTING TEAMS STREETS WERE DANGEROUS FOR WORKERS LEAVING WORK IN THE DARK; CAUSED THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE FORCES AND ELECTRIC STREETLIGHTS.