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A. AMSATH Associate Professor Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam-614 701. Definition of Biotechnology.
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A. AMSATH • Associate Professor • Department of Zoology, • Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam-614 701
Definition of Biotechnology • Any technique that uses living organisms to make a new product or modify a product or improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses and improve our health is called as biotechnology.
Goals of Biotechnology • To understand more about the processes of inheritance and gene expression. • To provide better understanding & treatment of various diseases, particularly genetic disorders. • To generate economic benefits, including improved plants and animals for agriculture and efficient production of valuable biological molecules.
Genetic Engineering • Changing the genetic information of gene in a cell. • Specific trait or characters of one organism may be isolated from DNA and moved into the cell of another organism. Gene
Agricultural Biotechnology: Genetically modified crops
Biotech Products of Humulin • More than 65% of biotech companies in the U.S. are involved in pharmaceutical production (relating to drugs developed for medical use). • Genentech developed Humulin (human insulin) to treat diabetes.
Plant Biotechnology • Applicationsn or role of Plant Biotechnology • virus-resistant crop plants and livestock. • Corn plant produced with high levels of the amino acid Lysine. • Delayed ripening = fresher produce. • Higher crop yields from drought, disease, cold-tolerant, pest resistant crops. • New ornamental plants. • High yield cotton, fruits with vaccines and Golden Rice. • Higher protein & vitamin content in foods.
Cloning • Cloning is process of producing a new organism from cells or tissues of existing organism. • In 1996, Dolly is the sheep became the first cloned animal created by the somatic cell nuclear transfer process in Edinburgh Scotland. • Most widely used biotech products are recombinant proteins (produced by gene cloning in cell culture)
Stem Cells • A stem cell is a cell that has the potential to become any cell type in the human body. • Stem cell technologies include immature cells that have the potential to develop and specialize into a variety of other cell types. • The easiest place to get stem cells is from an embryo.
Stem Cells Therapy • Stem cells are currently being tested to treat everything from Crohn’s disease to baldness! • The main areas where stem cells have proven their worth is in bone marrow transplants, replacing damaged heart tissue after a heart attack and replacing damaged nerve tissue which gives hope to anyone who has had a spinal cord injury.
Transgenic Animals • Alteration of animals by Genetic Engineering are said to be “transgenic animal”. • Example: An organism’s genetic material has been altered to produce more milk and meat.
Transgenic Animal products • Improve the animals or the products they produce. • Animals may be used to produce products that promote human health. • BST hormone use in cows to produce more milk. • Pigs engineered to produce human hemoglobin. • May improve the milk, meat and eggs.
Biotechnology in Animal Breeding • ExtraBovine Somatotropine (BST) BST produced by bacteria can be injected into dairy cattle to increase milk production
Medical Biotechnology • Medical applications of biotech include preventative, diagnostic, and treatment. • The Human Genome Project is very useful within this field. • Gene therapy and stem cell technologies are two up-and-coming fields within the medical area of biotech.
Medicine Biotechnology • Therapeutant - product used to maintain health or prevent disease. • Biopharmaceuticals – drug or vaccine developed through biotechnology called designer drugs. • Biopharming – production of pharmaceuticals in cultured organisms. • Certain blood – derived products needed in human medicine can be produced in the milk of goats.
Medicine Biotechnology cont… • Some new developments delve into the hereditary material of humans known as gene therapy (cancer, and HIV/AIDS). • Therapies that use genes to cure diseases. • Diagnostics for detecting genetic diseases and acquired diseases (AIDS). • Recombinant vaccines and edible vaccines to prevent disease. • .
Biotech drugs for treatment • There are more than 80 biotech drugs, and vaccines targeting over 2oo diseases. Nearly 1/2 of new drugs target cancer.
Human growth hormone • 1st Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) to produce human protein was E. coli (pictured right) that was given DNA to produce somatostatin(hGH -human growth hormone - 1977).
Biotechnology Techniques in Animal Breeding • Artificial Insemination • Process of extracting and diluting semen from a male animal for use in a female animal • Allows for outstanding genetic characteristics to be spread through a population rapidly with minimal expense and high success. • In Vitro Fertilization • Process involving the removal of embryos from a female for fertilization and insertion into surrogate mothers for development.
Food and Beverages • Use of technology in production and processing food. • Use of Yeast in bakery for bread and beverages (Beer, Brandy and Wine) production . • Genetically altered crops food production. • Conversion of milk into cheese or yogurt.
Microbial Applications • Bacteria & yeast are the most frequently used microbes. • Better enzymes and organisms for making foods in bakery, Single cell protein (SCP), simplifying manufacture and production processes, and making decontamination processes for industrial waste product (Pseudomons) removal more efficient. • Microbes used to clone and produce batch amounts of important proteins.
Aquatic Applications • Aquaculture is a common aquatic application of biotech. • Aquaculture is the process of raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for food sources. • Products include:Transgenic salmon (increased growth). • Disease-resistant oysters. • Vaccines against viruses that infect aquatic species. • Overall, aquatic organisms are thought to be rich and valuable sources for new genes, proteins, and metabolic processes.
Computers in biotechnology • computer simulations with virtual reality and other uses help in biotechnology. • computer modeling may be done before it is tested with animals. • Bioinformatics tools to design new gene products.
Industrial Biotechnology • Role in Food processing • Beverage industry • Production of antibiotics • Development of new vaccines, Insulin, etc. • Improvement of food quality
EnvironmentBiotechnology • Any biotechnological process that may promote a good environment. • Problems naturally solved by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi break down contaminant into a form less harmful or not harmful. • Microbes used in maintaining a good environment that promotes our well being. • Organisms developed during the gulf war to “eat” oil. • Organism used in gold mining to “eat” contaminants. • Bioremediation is used to degrade a variety of pollutants.
Biodegradation of Oil Spill • In the 1970s, the first U.S. GMO patent was granted to a scientist for a strain of bacteria capable of degrading components in crude oil. • In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska used Pseudomonas species (oil-degrading bacteria) to clean up the spill.
Bioremediation • Bioremediation is the use of bacteria (or fungi) to clean up hazardous environmental wastes. • The bacteria essentially turn the dangerous waste products into less hazardous, easy to dispose of, waste. • Toxic sludgesare eaten by bacteria and releases water and harmless wastes.
Applications of biotechnology in aquaculture • Control of reproduction • Growth enhancement • Genetic characterization • Control of diseases • Metabolic engineering • Transgenesis Fish
Forensic Applications • DNA fingerprinting is the classic example of a forensic application. It is used most commonly for law enforcement and crime scene investigation (CSI). • It was first used in 1987 to convict a rapist in England. • Other applications of DNA fingerprinting include: • identifying human remains. • paternity tests.
