The Scientific Method

1. The Scientific Method List as many steps as you can of the scientific method.

3. Which of the statements in number 1 are observations? How are the observation statements different from the other statements?

4. Observation– using your senses to gather information Two Types Qualitative: involves characteristics/descriptions of the observation (color and texture) Quantitative: involves numbers (usually used to make graphs) = Data

5. Observation Statements • The cabinets are brown. • It is sunny outside. • There are 12 girls and 10 boys in the room. • Some of the windows are open Which observations from #1 are Qualitative? Quantitative?

6. Inferencelogical interpretation based on knowledge and experience

7. Let’s list some observations about the pic below…

8. Turn to the back of wkst… Read the 14 statements and write O or I on the line. Hint: Feelings and emotions are on the inside. You can not see what is on the inside without further investigation!

9. Sniffy and Fluffy Have an Adventure Created by Aimée Bruneau & Illustration by Taylour Damion

10. In your notebook, write down what you think the story will be about based on these pictures.  Let's Read the Story!

11. In your notebook, answer these questions… • Were your hypotheses correct? • If so, what observations led you to those hypotheses? • If not, what misled you? • At what point in the story did you realize that your hypotheses were correct/incorrect?

12. In your notebook… Make a prediction as to what you think you’ll do after school today.

13. Making Inferences 8/19/10 Scientific Methods

14. Story #1 There is a cabin on the side of a mountain. Three people are inside and they are dead. How did they die? Answer: They were killed in a plane crash. The three people were the pilot, co-pilot and navigator. They crashed in a snow storm. False Assumption: The cabin was a mountain cabin. It was actually the cabin of a jetliner.

15. Story #2 It is a hot August afternoon. The location is the living room in an old Victorian mansion. The 7-foot window is open and the curtains are blowing in the breeze generated by the thunderstorm that just passed. On the floor lie the bodies of Barack and Michelle. They are surrounded by puddles of water and broken glass. Please close your eyes and picture the scene. Now change the picture. Neither Barack nor Michelle has any clothing on. How did they die? Answer: They suffocated. The storm winds blew open the window, which knocked their fish bowl off the table, and it crashed to the floor. False Assumption: That Barack and Michelle are human. They are actually pet goldfish.

16. Story #3 A man is walking down the street, sees a bar and enters. He asks the bartender for a glass of water. The bartender pulls out a gun and points it at him. The man says “Thank You” and leaves the bar. What happened? Answer: The man who asked for the glass of water had the hiccups. The bartender pulled the gun to scare the hiccups away. False Assumption: The bartender pulled the gun in order to kill the man.

17. Story #4 A woman leaves home and makes three left turns. She returns home again. On the way, she passed two women with masks. Who were the two women? Answer: The umpire and the catcher. False Assumption: That the woman was walking on city streets. She really is on a baseball field.

18. Story #5 A man and his son were rock climbing on a particularly dangerous mountain when they slipped and fell. The man was killed, but the son lived and was rushed to a hospital. The old surgeon looked at the young man and declared, "I can't operate on this boy: he is my son.“ How can this be? Answer: The old surgeon was the boy‘s mother False Assumption: That the surgeon was a man.

19. Story #6 Preston and his men searched the frozen tundra for escaped convict Ben Barker. Just as they were about to give up, one of Preston's men spotted a body. Barker was found lying dead in the snow. There were no tracks leading to or from the body. The cause of death was partially due to the unopened pack on his back. Barker did not die of thirst, hunger, or cold. What was in Barker's pack that led to his death? Answer: An unopened parachute. False Assumption: That Barker’s “pack” was a backpack, not a parachute pack. Also, he had arrived there somehow by land, not by air.

20. Story #7 Two train tracks run parallel to each other, except for a short distance where they meet and become one track over a narrow bridge. One morning, a train speeds onto the bridge. Another train coming from the opposite direction, also speeds onto the bridge. Neither train can stop on the short bridge, yet there is no collision. How is this possible? Answer: The trains were crossing the bridge at different times of the morning. False Assumption: Sounds like the two trains had arrived there at the same time; it was just the same morning.

21. Story #8 Justin Summers owns a vacation house in northern Ontario which has an A-shaped roof. One side of the roof faces north and the other side faces south. The prevailing winds from the north are usually quite strong. The strange thing is that the stronger the north wind blows, the stronger the resulting updraft on the south side of the roof. Therefore, if a rooster was to lay an egg on the peak of the roof during a strong northerly wind, on which side should the egg fall most of the time? Answer: Roosters don't lay eggs. False Assumption: That the rooster, being a chicken, was a hen.

22. Story #9 There is an ancient invention still used in some parts of the world today that allows people to see through walls. What is it? Answer: Windows. False Assumption: The walls are totally solid and opaque. The walls are not part of a house. Somehow, windows weren’t “invented”. Windows aren’t that ancient. “Some parts of the world” means only a few places, not commonly found.

23. Story #10 Sly Hand, the famous magician, claims he can tell the score of any football game before it even starts. Many think he is psychic and possesses supernatural powers. How is it that he can be accurate about the score 99 percent of the time? Answer: There really is no magic. The score of any football game before it starts is always “zero to zero”. False Assumption: That the “score” was the final score. Also, we don’t assume any score exists before the game begins.

24. SKITTLES LAB Make observations in your notebook about this bag of skittles.

25. Observations

26. Question

27. Hypothesis

28. Good & Bad Experiments Controlled Experiments

29. A. Good: Controlled Only one variable is different between groups B. Bad: Non-controlled More than one variable is different between groups I. Experiments

32. A. Controlled Group The group that does not receive the treatment B. Experimental Group The group that receives the treatment II. Experimental Groups

33. Mr. Krabbs wants to make Bikini Bottoms a nicer place to live. He has created a new sauce that he thinks will reduce the production of body gas associated with eating crabby patties from the Krusty Krab. He recruits 100 customers with a history of gas problems. 50 of them eat crabbies with the new sauce. The other 50 eat crabby patties with a mixture of mayonnaise and food coloring which looks like the new sauce. They were also told this sauce was the new sauce, which is said to reduce gas production. Two hours later, 30 customers in group A (new sauce) had fewer gas problems and 8 customers in group B (fake new sauce) had fewer gas problems. • Control Group? • Experimental Group? • Conclusion?

34. A.Manipulated Variable The one condition that is different between the groups B. Controlled Variable All the conditions that are the same between the groups III. Variables

35. Francesco Redi’s Spontaneous Generation Experiment

36. Sponge Bob notices that his friend Gary is suffering from slimotosis, which occurs when the shell develops a nasty slime and gives off a horrible odor. His friend Patrick tells him that rubbing seaweed on the shell is the perfect cure, while Sandy says that drinking Dr. Kelp will be a better cure. Sponge Bob decides to test this cure by rubbing Gary with seaweed for 1 week and having him drink Dr. Kelp. After a week of treatment, the slime is gone and Gary’s shell smells better. • Controlled Variable • Manipulated Variable

37. Smithers thinks a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task of stapling papers. Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks. Group B made 2,113 stacks. • Control Group? • Manipulated Variable? • Conclusion?How could this experiment be improved?

38. Krusty was told that a certain itching powder was the newest, best thing on the market. It even claims to cause 50% longer lasting itches. Interested in this product, he buys the itching powder and compares it to his usual product. One test subject (A) is sprinkled with the original itching powder and another test subject (B) was sprinkled with the Experimental itching powder. Subject A reported having itches for 30 minutes. Subject B reported having itches for 45 minutes. • Control Group? • ManipulatedVariable? • Explain whether the data supports the claims.

39. Goal #8Data and Graphing

40. A. Setting up axes • Step 1: Draw edges of graph • Step 2- Label the x and y axis • If time is one of your categories, it ALWAYS goes on the x-axis!!! • Step 3- Write “0” in the corner where the x and y axis meet • Step 4- Choose a number interval each line will represent on each axis (NEXT STEPS SPECIFIC TO GRAPH TYPE!) • Last step: give graph a descriptive title

41. 1.Line Graphs • Step 5 –Plot your data points • Step 6- Connect the data points • Most commonly used in science

42. Line Graph Example Data Table: Graph

43. 2. Bar Graphs • Step 7 – Create bars

44. Bar Graph Example Data Table: Graph