About this course How do you take this course? What is AI?

1. L1. Introduction of AI course • About this course • How do you take this course? • What is AI? • Take 10 minutes to • Look up the words or terms in this file from a dictionary. • Write down their translations in A4 paper.

2. Objective of this course Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent. The goals of the field of artificial intelligence are to make computers more useful and to understand the principles that make intelligence possible. This course will cover the following topics: introduction of AI and intelligent agents, problem solving and search methods, knowledge representation, planning, reasoning, reasoning under uncertainty, and learning mechanism. Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to (1) understand basic ideas of artificial intelligence, (2) master essential techniques of artificial intelligence, (3) apply the techniques to a simple problem solving or intelligent controls

3. Each Lecture (スケジュール) taking attendance / look at dictionary (10 minutes) Lecturing quiz time (sometimes) • Evaluation Policy • Attendance: 30% (15x2) • Final Exam: 70% • Requirements: • Come to lecture in time（遅れないように）. • Do not talk when I am lecturing (授業中、喋ないように). • Bring a A4 paper, which for answering quizzes.

4. Text books [1] “Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach”, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13- 103805-2 (English version). [2] “エージェントアプロ－チ人工知能”, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig 著, 古川康一監訳、 共立出版, ISBN 4-320-02878-3 (Japanese version). References [1] “Constructing Intelligent Agents with Java”, Joseph P. Bigus and Jennifer Bigus, Wiley Computer Publishing. [2] “Artificial Intelligence”, 3rd Edition, Patrick Henry Winston, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-53377-4.

5. Suggested ways of study • Pre-study (予習) • Read lecture notes. http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~rhuang/Miccl/hehome/index.html • Read textbook. “エージェントアプロ－チ人工知能” • 2. Look at dictionary

6. What is AI (Artificial Intelligence, 人工知能)? • Understand • The field AI attempts to understand intelligent entities. • Apply • The study of AI is for applying constructed intelligent entities • to computers or machines. • Impact • Computers with human-level intelligence would have a huge • impact on our everyday life.

7. Definition of AI “The exciting new effort to make computers think … machine with minds, … ” (Haugeland, 1985) “The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “Activities that we associated with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning … “ (Bellman, 1978) “ The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston, 1992) “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) “A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkoff, 1990) “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior” (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993) In conclusion, they falls into four categories: Systems that think like human, act like human, think rationally, or act rationally. ? What is your definition of AI?

8. AI　Foundations? AI inherited many ideas, viewpoints and techniques from other disciplines. Psychology Philosophy To investigate human mind AI Theories of reasoning and learning Linguistic Mathematics CS The meaning and structure of language Theories of logic probability, decision making and computation Make AI a reality

9. History • - Study of intelligence • For over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how • seeing, learning, remembering, and reasoning could, should be done. • - Appearance of computers • Computer projects were started in 1940s. • * early: chess programs, simulation of 40 neurons，… • * great expectations: “Electronic Super-Brain”, “Faster Than Einstein” , … • - Study of AI • It was formally initiated in 1956. • (Two months workshop by Mc Carthy brought together US researchers • and all agreed on Mc Carthy’s proposed name for this field: AI) • Lisp became the dominant AI programming language. • (proposed by Mc Carthy ) • e.g. the Logic Theorist, General Problem Solver, Geometry Theorem Prover • (Mc Carthy’s first complete AI systems).

10. Software intelligent agents Collaborative agents Interface Agents Mobile Agents Information Agents Reactive Agents Smart Agents Multi-Agents Hybrid Agents Heterogeneous Agents ……

11. Some development environments and tools • Agent Building Environment (ABE) • -- developer's toolkit product alpha • JATLite (Java Agent Template, Lite) • -- a package of programs written in the Java language • that allow users to quickly create new software "agents" • that communicate robustly over the Internet. • Jess (Jave Expert System Shell) • -- a rule engine and scripting environment written entirely • in Sun's Java language.

12. - AI became an industry in 1980s • * Commercial expert system, R1, began operation at Digital Equipment • Corporation in 1982. • * Japan proposed to develop 5th generation computer (intelligent • computer) project (10 years plan) in 1986. • http://www.japanlaw.com/lawletter/july86/ekf.htm News The 8 participants companies are: Hitachi, NEC, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Sharp, Oki Electric, Mitsubishi Electronic and Matsushita Electric Industrial. Mitsubishi Electric in May 1986 became the first firm to commercialize a product developed under the 5th Generation Computer Project which aims at developing AI, software development. Japanese efforts to develop artificial intelligence the use of computers to draw inferences and make judgments -- is gaining momentum as 19 major companies have recently established the Artificial Intelligence Joint Research Society and the Artificial Intelligence Center.

13. Robots • Sony says next decade the age of the robot • Robots--working for Japan's future? • That is one goal of the Japanese government's $37.7 million Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP), which aims to market within a few years robots that can operate power shovels, assist construction workers and care for the elderly. In the process, a new multibillion-dollar Japanese industry could be born. • Robot competitions/exhibitions around the world • K'NEX K-bot World Championships • "ROBODEX2002“, Pacifico Yokohama Exhibition Hall,1-1-1, Minatomorai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan Asimo in New York as a stockbroker http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/event/report_08.html

17. IEEE Spectrum Latest News: Autonomous Vehicle on the Road, Ultrasensitive Artificial Skin, and more https://mail.google.com/mail/?hl=ja&shva=1#label/research2010/12b34cd26ce8b895

21. Ｑｕｉｚ： • Ｗｈy and how a robot can play soccer? • Why and how a robot can help sick kids? • Why and how a no-driver vehicle can drive from Parma to Shanghai? (give me the answer to one of the above questions in Japanese)