Presentation Transcript

1. Aim: How did geography influence Ancient Greece?

2. I. Geographical Features A. Greece is made up of a Peninsula (size of Louisiana) and a series of 1,400 small islands in the Aegean and Ionian seas. B. Most of the population lives along the coastline → many harbors
3. C. Inside of Greece, there are many small plains and river valleys surrounded by mountain ranges. Mountains make up 75 percent of the total land area. Why will mountains make it impossible for the Greeks to have a unified kingdom? If the Greeks are not able to have a unified kingdom, how will they organize themselves? Mount Olympus
4. D. Because of the mountains, Greece is divided up into different city-states. Each one has its own government, laws and culture.
5. II. Natural Resources Greece lacks crucial resources like timber and precious metals Only 20 % of the land can be used for farming, and irrigation is difficult. Imagine that you are the leader of a Greek city-state. You only have a limited amount of natural resources to support your people. What would you do, and why?: (a) Use trade with other regions and civilizations to get what you need. (b) Wage wars against other city-states and civilizations to get their resources. (c) Build the diet and lifestyle of your civilization around the resources you have available.
6. III. Climate Warm Mediterranean climate → made it possible to grow olives, grapes and grains.

7. Aim: What were the characteristics of Mycenaean civilization?

   December 19, 2013
8. I. Mycenaean Civilization (2000 B.C. – 1100 B.C.) Originally came from southern Russia, settled in the lowlands of Greece. Traded with the Minoans and imitated them: learned how to build ships and navigate. Eventually took over Crete. Great hunters and warriors. Powerful warrior-kings built walls around the cities, established a strong navy.
9. D. The Trojan War: Famous war between the Mycenaeans and the people of Troy, a major trading city in Asia Minor. Occurred in the mid 1200s B.C.
10. E. Most of what we know about the Trojan War comes from two long poems written by Homer 500 years after the war: The Iliad: How the Mycenaeans beat Troy in the war. The Odyssey: How a Mycenaean warrior named Odysseus got home to Greece after the war.
11. F. Plot of the Iliad: King of Troy has a son named Paris. He falls in love with Helen, wife of a Mycenaean King. Paris takes Helen back to Troy, the Mycenaeans go to war to get her back. For ten years, Mycenaeans could not take over Troy. Eventually, the Mycenaeans win the war when Odysseus comes up with the Trojan Horse strategy!
12. II. Fall of the Mycenaeans A. The Greek “Dark Ages” (1100 B.C.-750 B.C.) Mycenaeans fought civil wars against each other, were eventually conquered by the Dorians. Decline in food production until the 800s B.C. Loss of writing skills until the 700s B.C.

13. Aim: What was the culture of Sparta like?

    January 7, 2013
14. I. The Polis By the 700s B.C., the Greek Dark Ages were ending and new city-states were coming to power. Another term for city-state is polis. Each polis had a fortified hill called an acropolis, where the temple of the local god or goddess was located. At the foot of the hill was the agora, or marketplace.
15. C. Each city-state had its own government and laws. Only adult men were citizens and could vote, own land, hold public office, speak for themselves in court. D. The two most powerful city-states were Sparta and Athens.
16. II. Sparta Located in southeastern Greece, in a region called the Peloponnesus. B. Social Classes: Aristocrats: Owned most of the land and were the only ones allowed to be citizens. Perioeci: Merchants and artisans - not enslaved or citizens. Helots: Slaves who do all the farming and give one half of their crops to the aristocrats.They outnumber free Spartans 7-1, eventually they rebel. Spartans put down the revolt, but it’s a difficult struggle. How could the helot revolt influence the development of Sparta?
17. C. For a man, life in Sparta was based around the military : Birth: Newborns that were healthy lived. Unhealthy babies were left on hillside to die Age 7: Boys were sent to live in military camps Learned to read, write, use weapons Given small amounts of food Walked barefoot, spoke only when necessary Slept outdoors
18. Age 20: Men enrolled in the army for regular military service. They could marry, but still had to live and eat in the military barracks. Age 30: Men can now live at home with their families, but still have to serve in the military Age 60: Men can retire from the military
19. D. Women in Sparta Spartan girls received an education similar to that of boys  taught to run, wrestle and throw a javelin Spartan women had greater freedom of movement and power in the household than other women in Greece.
20. E. Spartans believed that new ideas would weaken their way of life, so they tried to prevent change: Will not switch to using coins as money Refuse to develop literature or art Don’t build up business or trade
21. Aim: What was the government of Athens like? Do Now: Which do you think is more important in having an orderly and successful society: Military strength (having a strong army) Or Knowledge (people are educated, care about philosophy, theater, science, math, etc.)
22. I. Government in Athens A. Monarchy (700s B.C.): Rule by a king B. Oligarchy (600s B.C.): A form of government in which a few people have the ruling power. A small group of aristocrats and merchants run the government and control most of the land. Small farmers and artisans have little land and often have to borrow money from the aristocrats to survive. If they can’t pay the money back, they are sold into slavery!
23. 3. In 594 B.C., a rich merchant named Solon became leader of the Oligarchy, tries to find ways to make both the rich and the poor happy: Created a constitution Set a limit on how much land a person could own Canceled the farmer’s debts and freed them from slavery Would not take land from the rich and give it to the poor. Both the rich and the poor end up being unhappy with Solon.
24. C. Tyranny (560 B.C. – 527 B.C.): A form of government in which one dictator has absolute power. Athens is ruled by a dictator named Peisistratus. Took land from the aristocrats and give it to poor farmers. A person no longer had to own land to be a citizen.
25. D. Democracy (508 B.C.- 200s B.C.): A form of government in which all people are treated equally. Cleisthenes became leader of Athens, established a democratic constitution. All males over the age of 20 (rich or poor) were considered citizens, could serve in the Athenian Assembly, vote directly for the laws that would be passed in Athens. All Athenians have freedom of speech.
26. E. Rights of an Athenian Man: Upper-class boys received a well-rounded education One teacher for reading, writing and arithmetic One teacher for physical education One teacher for music. At eighteen, a free Athenian male became a citizen. He went to the temple of Zeus and took an oath. When he was 20, he could vote in the Assembly
27. F. Rights of an Athenian Woman Did not receive a formal education. Girls of all classes remained at home, learned how to spin and weave. Some wealthy families taught their daughters to read, write and play the lyre. Usually not allowed out of the home without male supervision.
28. Aim: How did the Persian Wars transform Athens into the most powerful city-state? Do Now: Based on our discussion from yesterday and the video we watched, would you have preferred to live in Athens or Sparta. Why?
29. I. The Persian Wars (490 B.C. – 479 B.C.) Causes of the Wars In 545 B.C., the Persian Empire conquered Ionia, the Greek city-states in Asia Minor (Turkey). 20 years later, Ionia revolted. Athens tried to help Ionia by sending them warships. The revolt in Ionia failed. Persian ruler Darius decides to get revenge on Athens by going to war with them.
30. Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.): Darius’ son Xerxes launches another invasion of Greece. Sparta and Athens team up with 20 other city-states to defend Greece (Sparta leads the army, Athens leads the navy) At Thermopylae, 300 Spartans lead 7,000 Greek soldiers against 150,000 Persians. Persians win.
31. Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.): Athens is burned to the ground, but theAthenian navy defeats the Persians!
32. C. Results of the Persian Wars Athens takes over leadership of Greece through theDelian League (defensive alliance involving 140 city-states). Athens gives members protection, gets tribute (money) in return. Athens becomes rich and powerful!
33. Aim: What was the golden age of Athens like, and how did it come to an end? Do Now: What does it mean for a civilization to have a “golden age?”
34. I. Results of the Persian Wars Athens takes over leadership of Greece through the Delian League (defensive alliance involving 140 city-states). Athens gives members protection, gets tribute (money) in return. Athens becomes rich and powerful!
35. II. The Age of Pericles: The “Golden Age” of Athens Pericles rules Athens from 461 B.C.- 429 B.C. Athens experiences a “golden age:” Delian League brings in wealth, Athens builds an empire, art, philosophy, literature reach new heights, the Parthenon is built. Direct Democracy continues to thrive. Athens is “The School of Greece”
36. The Parthenon
37. III. The Peloponnesian Wars (431 B.C.- 404 B.C.) By 431 B.C., the power of Athens and the Delian League was a threat to Sparta. War breaks out between the two city-states! Athenian Strategy: Remain behind the walls of the city, depend on the navy and overseas empire for supplies Spartan Strategy: Surround Athens, hoping that the Athenians will send their army out to fight
38. IV. Outcome of the Peloponnesian War In 404 B.C., the Spartans destroy the Athenian navy and win the war. The walls of Athens are torn down, and their empire is taken away. For the next 70 years, the city-states continue to fight with each other, and soon were not strong enough to defeat invaders. In 338 B.C., Philip II of Macedonia conquers Greece.