Foro Focus-Abengoa March 19, 2009, Sevilla

1. Energía solar del desiertoSolar energy from the desertProf. Dr. Michael DürenII. Physikalisches InstitutUniv. Giessen, GermanyMichael.Dueren@uni-giessen.de Foro Focus-AbengoaMarch 19, 2009, Sevilla

2. Challenges of the 21st century • Population growth • Energy demand • Climate change • Water shortage • Migration Michael Düren, Sevilla, March 19, 2009

3. Population growth and energy demand Nuclear Renewables Gas Cole Oil Population CO2 Our society consumes a quantity of oil in 1 day that needed a geological production time of 1000 years! Beijing

4. Increase of CO2 concentration The atmospheric CO2-concentration increases rapidly due to the combustion of fossil energy sources.

5. 01/1979 → 01/2003 01/1979 Climate change Arktis

6. Global climate change The average world temperature and the sea level are growing due to the green house effect. Arktis, 01/1979 Arktis, 01/2003

7. Water shortage and migration Our problems are not limited to our energy supply. They will affect our future society in many areas. Spain, 2008

8. Challenges of the 21st century We are in a race against time

9. Possible solutions of the energy problem: • Energy saving: most important short term option (lower demand, higher efficiency) • Cole, oil, gas: unacceptable greenhouse gas emission(CO2-storage is an improvement but not a solution) • Nuclear energy: terrorism and proliferation… (13000 new reactors are not a good solution of the world energy problem) • Nuclear fusion: not available in the next 50 years • Photovoltaic: still too expensive to produce many Giga-Watts • Biomass: limited availability and in competition with food production • Wind: excellent options are the northern seas and the southern trade winds • CSP:solar thermal power plants in the deserts: simple, no danger, abundant energy source

10. Concentrated solar power

11. The renewable energy resources are abundant!

12. Renewable energies for electricity production in EU-MENA Solar (10-250) Geothermal (0-1) Biomass (0-1) Potential 630000 TWh/y 1350 TWh/y 1100 TWh/y Max Min 1950 TWh/y 1350 TWh/y Electricity Yield in GWh/km² Wind Energy (5-50) Hydropower (0-50)

13. Solar energy from the desert: The solar energy irradiated on the deserts of our planet in 1hourexceeds the global energy consumption of 1 year

16. Transport of electric power High voltage DC line has little power losses (no 50 Hz radiation i.e. no “electro-smog”) Example: 5 GW, 800 kV; Losses: ~3% in 1000 km "Baltic-Cable" in Sweden

17. Where is your next desert? < 2700km to the next desert 90% of the world population lives in a distance of less than 3000 km away from the next desert Deserts and other CSP areas

18. Solar power day and night Thermal storage provides solar power day and night Thermal energy storage (liquid salt) Andalucia (Spain) CSP

19. Power demand, and supply scenario in MENA (Middle East & North Africa) MENA Transition mix 2000-2050 including export to Europe and power for desalination 7 x

20. Power demand, and supply scenario in EU-25 with 17% import from MENA EU Thanks to energy efficiency and renewable energies, nuclear and fossil energy can be phased out to a large extend.

21. Power demand, and supply scenario in EU-25 with 17% import from MENA Thanks to energy efficiency and renewable energies, nuclear and fossil energy can be phased out to a large extend. >80% renewables

22. A special scenario for the friends of nuclear energy in this room  >80% renewables

23. Estimate of electricity costs from CSP 23

24. Estimate of electricity costs (for Spain): 24

25. Prediction of electricity costs (for Germany): Geschätzte zukünftige Stromkosten z.B. in Deutschland 25

26. Future vision • 100% renewables • Liquid fuels from concentrated solar power (e.g. catalytic reactions at high temperature): • Liquid hydrogen from water, Alcohol from CO2, • …

27. Is our current energy system secure? Fossil resources: limited, and dangerous (climate change) resources in the hands of a few suppliers (Gas: Russia,… Oil: Arabia,… and a few others) costs are increasing and unpredictable Nuclear resources: limited, and dangerous (proliferation, terrorism) technology in the hands of a few suppliers (not a problem for Europe) costs for safety are increasing and may become a problem

28. Security of renewable energies: Solar power supply from >10 countries in MENA and South Europe Thermal storage of CSP regulates day/night demand Fluctuations and failures are averaged out by a distributed system of renewables (sun and wind and others); Large pump storage power stations for long-term storage (Fjords,..) Local fossil power stations (coal) should be kept as backup in case of a political crisis Sun and wind are reliable and long-term stable! Fuel costs will remain stable (0 €/kWh) for the next 50 years 

29. Invitation SEPA092nd Giessen Workshop onSolarEnergyPartnership between Africa and EuropeJune 8-10, 2009Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany The aim of SEPA09 is to stimulate trans-disciplinary discussions on the future energy supply of Europe and Africa. Our workshop will focus on the interplay of technical, economical, geographical, political and historical conditions that will have to be understood in order to make a smooth transition from our current world situation to a stable, sustainable and adequate energy supply for Europe and Africa. Registration: http://www.physik.uni-giessen.de/dueren/sepa

30. A global and secure renewable energy concept exists. It is our job to make it happen in time!

31. References • www.desertec.org • www.physik.uni-giessen.de/dueren/sepa • www.clubofrome.de • www.dlr.de • de.wikipedia.org • …

32. Yes, we can!