Toward Empire 1865–1902

1. 21 Toward Empire1865–1902

2. TR and the Rough Riders in Action A blend of Ivy League athletes and Western frontiersmen, the Rough Riders, became the most famous military unit in the war.

3. Toward Empire1865–1902 • America Looks Outward • War with Spain • Acquisition of Empire

4. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders • Roosevelt hoped “world-movement” would establish U.S. as world power, particularly in Asian and Latin America • Policymakers fostered overseas business interests, strengthened navy, extended U.S. influence into Pacific

5. America Looks Outward

6. America Looks Outward • U.S. expansion shifted after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

7. Catching the Spirit of Empire • Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years • 1870s brought new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries • Internationalism began to replace nationalism

8. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong’s popular Our Country (1885)

9. Foreign Policy Approaches,1867–1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Eroded European influence in Latin America • Diverted Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. supported Venezuela against Great Britain

10. The Lure of Hawaii • 1875: U.S. granted Hawaiian sugar free entry • 1887: new treaty gave U.S. exclusive use of Pearl Harbor • Queen Liliuokalani retaliated for McKinley Tariff, attempted to reduce U.S. influence • 1893: American settlers pulled off coup • 1898: Hawaii made U.S. Possession

11. Map 21.1 Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands provided the United States with both a convenient stopping point on the way to Asianmarkets and a strategic naval station in the Pacific.

12. The Last Hawaiian Queen The first step toward American annexation of Hawaii came in 1893 when Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed to the United States as a possession in 1898 and became a U.S. territory in 1900. This photograph from c. 1898 shows the former queen with guests and members of her household at Washington Place, her residence from 1896 until her death in 1917.

13. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889: Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervised a program of naval construction • U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

14. New Steel Navy Return of the Conquerors by Edward Moran celebrates the triumphant return of America’s Great White Fleet. The fleet of 16 white-hulled battleships and supporting craft set off in December 1907 on a 14-month, round-the-world cruise as a dramatic show of America’s naval strength.

15. War with Spain

16. War with Spain • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power” • Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

17. A War for Principle • February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow press" whipped up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gained Spanish concessions • February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine

18. A War for Principle (cont’d) • April, 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed "Teller Amendment" • April, 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

19. The Spanish-American War • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Regulars possessed latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles • Guard units possessed old Springfield rifles • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

20. African American Soldiers in the War • African Americans served in army Guard units • Black troops resisted segregation • African American soldiers won 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

21. The Battle of San Juan Hill Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill, July 2, 1898, colored lithograph by Kurz and Allison, 1899 (above). The Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Colored Infantry regiments served with exceptional gallantry in the Spanish-American War. Charles Young (left), an 1889 graduate of West Point, was the only African American officer in the army during the war except for a few chaplains.

22. The Course of the War • May, 1: Commodore George Dewey captured Manila Bay • June: Cuba invaded • July: Santiago surrendered, Puerto Rico occupied • August, 13: Philippines surrendered

23. African Americans in the War with Spain Charles Young an 1889 graduate of West Point, was the only African American officer in the army during the Spanish-American War except for a few chaplains.

24. Map 21.2 Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater Commodore Dewey, promoted to admiral immediately after the naval victory at Manila Bay, was the first hero of the war.

25. Map 21.3 Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater President McKinley set up a “war room” in the White House, following the action on giant maps with red and white marking pins.

26. Acquisition of Empire

27. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December, 1898: Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

28. The Treaty of Paris Debate • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • Against big armies, government, and debt • Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism

29. The Treaty of Paris Debate (cont’d) • February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

30. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement • Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba

31. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule, Taft named civilian governor • Local self-government permitted • Schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

32. Map 21.4 American Empire, 1900 With the Treaty of Paris, the United States gained an expanded colonial empire stretching from the Caribbean to the far Pacific. It embraced Puerto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, part of Samoa, Guam, the Philippines, and a chain of Pacific islands. The dates on the map refer to the date of U.S. acquisition.

33. The Open Door • March, 1900: "Open Door" policy in China • No European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area

34. The Open Door (cont’d) • Despite American claims to the contrary, other countries did not accept it • Policy opened the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

35. U.S. Policy in Asia In this 1899 cartoon, “Putting His Foot Down” from Puck, the nations of Europe are getting ready to cut up China to expand their spheres of influence, but Uncle Sam stands firm on American commit- ments to preserve China’s sovereignty.

36. Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain

37. Conclusion:Outcome of the War with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans • Confirmed Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

38. Map 21.5 World Colonial Empires, 1900 Events of the nineteenth century increased European hegemony over the world. By 1900, most independent African nations had disappeared and the major European nations had divided the continent among themselves. In the East, the European powers and Japan took advantage of China’s internal weakness to gain both trading ports and economic concessions.

39. Timeline