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Cytoskeleton II: Tubulin Heterodimer and Actin Filaments

This chapter explores the structure and function of the tubulin heterodimer, microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton. It discusses the growing and shrinking mechanisms of microtubules, the organization of actin filaments, and the resilience of intermediate filaments. The role of keratin filaments in skin blistering and the nucleation of microtubules by the γ-tubulin ring complex are also examined.

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Cytoskeleton II: Tubulin Heterodimer and Actin Filaments

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  1. Chapter 16 Cytoskeleton II

  2. Tubulin heterodimer is the microtubule subunit

  3. Microtubule structure

  4. Growing and shrinking microtubules

  5. Growing and shrinking microtubules

  6. Structure of actin

  7. Actin binds to many different proteins

  8. Intermediate filaments

  9. Model of intermediate filament structure

  10. Model of intermediate filaments

  11. Intermediate filaments can withstand high levels of deforming force

  12. Keratin filaments in an epithelial cell

  13. Blistering of the skin caused by a mutant keratin gene Normal skin

  14. Blistering of the skin caused by a mutant keratin gene Skin with mutated keratin gene

  15. Blistering of the skin caused by a mutant keratin gene Cells rupture between the nucleus and the hemi- desmosomes

  16. Polymerization of tubulin is nucleated by the γ-tubulin ring

  17. Electron micrograph of purified γ-tubulin complexes

  18. Single microtubules nucleated from the γ-tubulin ring

  19. The centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center of animal cells and contain γ-tubulin ring complexes

  20. Centriole surrounded by centrosome matrix

  21. figure 09-08a.jpg

  22. figure 09-08a.jpg

  23. figure 09-09.jpg Figure 9.9 Figure 9.9 spindle

  24. figure 09-08b.jpg

  25. Leading edge of cell nucleates actin filaments all actin filaments Newly formed actin filaments

  26. Model for actin filament nucleation by ARP complex

  27. ARP complex nucleates more efficiently when bound to preexisting actin filament

  28. Electron micrograph of branched actin filaments

  29. Thymosin inhibition

  30. Profilin recruitment

  31. Stathmin sequesters free tubulin

  32. Monomer concentration and capping protein determine growth or shrinkage rate

  33. Stabilization and destabilization of microtubules

  34. Capping proteins direct microtubules to specific locations in the cell

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