19 th Century Europe

1. 19th Century Europe The Road to WW I

2. Congress of Vienna, Industrial Revolution, Economic “Isms”, Unification&Imperialism

3. Congress of Vienna • Nations want peace after 1815 • Belief that restoring old order would bring stability

4. “The Great powers” • Great Britain • Austria • Prussia • Russia • France

5. goals • Prevent future French aggression • Made few serious demands on France so not to instigate revenge • Maintain peace through balance of power • All Great Powers were to be of equal strength through treaties and agreements • Restore old Monarchs: Democracy a threat • But French & American Revolution still admired

7. Nationalism • Result of French Revolution & resistance to Napoleon’s invasions • Italy & Germany try to unify in 1848 • Stopped by Great Powers who fear them

8. Democracy prevails • By mid-1800’s, impact of Industrial revolution led to demands for democracy throughout Western Europe

9. The industrial revolution

10. Causes: • Scientific Farming • Increased Population • Abundant Natural Resources • Geographic Location • Strong Banking System • Political Stability

11. Effects: • New Inventions • Machines • Factories • Improved Transportation • (steam engine- R.R.) • Increasing Population • Move to Cities • Karl Marx • Communism • Government Reforms • (protective laws & unions)

12. The Economic “ISMS” • Capitalism • Communism • Socialism

13. capitalism • Example: USA • Laissez-faire • Individual choice/ freedom of choice • Individuals run the business • Economic Classes: Rich and poor and middle-class • Competition makes goods better and cheaper • Government: Democracy

15. socialism • Government & Economy of the people

16. Socialism– doesn’t Really exist • Everyone agrees to share economy • Everyone is equal in terms of money • Each person will receive money according to how much they need • No competition • Social Classes: NONE • Government: Should be democracy, but dictator never stepped down

17. Why no socialism??? • In history, the dictator had NEVER stepped down! • Problem with Marx’s theory, he didn’t take in to account the nature of man

18. communism • Government controlled Economy • Government controls all business decisions • No competition • Economic Classes: Rich government and Poor citizens (proletariat) • Government: Dictator

19. History of communism • Karl Marx said Industrialization would lead to a two-class system: Bourgeoisie & Proletariat • Civil War would occur between rich & poor • Poor would win • Dictator would take power just long enough to set-up socialist society • Dictator would step down • Reality: • Communism not Socialism

20. Unification • Italian & German Unification

21. Italian unification

22. Factors favoring Italian unification • Common culture, history, traditions, language (though diff. dialects) • Common Religion: Roman Catholic • Dislike for Austria who prevented earlier attempt to unite

23. Roadblocks to Italian unification • Opposition by state rulers who were backed by Austria, so wanted Austria to remain powerful • Pope feared losing power over Papal States • Disagreement over type of government once united: democratic republic (favored by Mazzini), constitutional monarchy (favored by Cavour), confederation under Pope • Foreign Opposition: • Austria would lose territory and influence • France feared a powerful neighbor

24. Wars to win italian unification • Austro-Sardinian Wars (1859): Napoleon III helped b/c of promise of Nice and Savoy, and Sardinia got Lombardy • Conquest of 2 Siciliesby Garibaldi (1861): Kingdom of Italy declared, but Rome not capital because in hands of Pope & protected by French troops • Austro-Prussian War (1866): Italy allied with Prussia and gained Venetia • Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): French troops removed from Italy to fight Germany, Rome now capital • World War I (1914-18): Italy claimed rest of land still under Austrian rule.

25. The soul, the sword, the brain • The Soul: Mazzini • Led first unification effort in 1848, inspiration of the people • The Sword: Garibaldi • Led the “Red Shirts” from Sardinia to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies on to Lombardy • The Brain: Cavour • Prime Minister to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia • He believes nationalism can only happen through smart diplomacy and well-chosen alliances • 1871– Italy is Unified!

26. German unification

27. realpolitik • German plan for government that meant: Calculating politics in which idealism played no part. • Often pejoratively referred to amoral, coercive, or Machiavellian politics.

28. Factors favoring German unification • Common language, history, culture, traditions • Industrial Revolution: Roads, railroads, growing trade united German states • Zollverein– customs union, NO tariffs within German Confederation EXCEPT Austria

29. Roadblocks to german unification • Opposition by state rulers who feared losing power • Religion: Protestant North, Catholic South • Jealousy & fear of Prussia; largest state • Rivalry between Austria and Prussia over control of smaller German states • Opposition from France who feared a powerful bordering neighbor

30. Bismarck: Blood & Iron • Bismarck wanted Germany united! • Blood = War • Iron = Industrialization

31. Wars to win german unification • V. Denmark (1864) • for prestige and territory; Schleswig- Holstein • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Germans defeated Austria, and were very lenient in treaty, to keep Austria as ally in future war with France. • Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) • Only a war against a foreign enemy could unite Protestant North with Catholic South. Germany humiliates France and takes Alsace & Lorraine (France’s richest coal & iron deposits)

32. The soul, the sword, the brain • The Soul: Kaiser Wilhelm I • King of Prussia, largest, wealthiest, industrialized state in un-unified Germany • The Sword: von Moltke • General who led all 3 wars of German Unfication • The Brain: Bismarck • Prime Minister to Kaiser Wilhelm I • Believed in Realpolitik • “Blood & Iron” • 1871– Italy is Unified!

33. Germany very successful • Germany is unified in 1871! • Quickly surpasses Britain as most industrialized nation in Europe (2nd to only U.S.A.) • France & Germany HATE each other!!

34. imperialism • The Policy of Extending the rule or authority of one nation over foreign countries for the purpose of acquiring of colonies • Cause: Industrial Revolution and the need for raw materials and cheap labor

35. British empire • Largest in the world: ¼ of world’s land and people controlled by Britain

36. Challenge to British Leadership • U.S. and Germany industrialized and between 1870 and 1900 caused G.B. Production to drop from 1/3 of world’s total to 1/5. • Countries now charging tariffs on British goods to protect their own Industrialization. • Raw Materials on British Isles were depleting.

37. Colonialism Spreads • Other countries begin to recognize both the economic gain of colonies as well as national pride. • France becomes 2nd largest empire. • Dutch, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, and Germany all expand in Africa • Austria-Hungary moves into Balkans (major cause of WWI) • Even U.S. gets involved (Cuba, Philipines, Puerto Rico, Guam) • Hope that where business goes, the flag will follow

38. European Pride • Countries took great PRIDE in colonies, even more important than economic gain • Europeans believed they were superior and had a duty to spread their technology. • Racism became a strong element at this time

40. Africa divided • In 1875, less than 10% of Africa controlled by Europeans • In 1900, over 90%

42. British take control of india

43. Indian Nationalism Grows • Indian tax payers paid for all technological improvements • Indian workers did hard labor jobs • Resented signs “For Europeans Only” • Prevented from getting top jobs and the few mid-level jobs they could get they received as much as 20 times less than their British counter-part

44. Southeast asia

45. Imperialism of asia

46. Britain moves into China • China was self-sufficient with 300 million people, more than all of Europe. • Britain wanted to trade but China was not interested– didn’t need it • So, Britain introduced a highly addictive drug into China and it led to the manipulation of China by the British

47. China severely weakened • Unfair treaties with British • Opium Wars • Unfair treaties with other Western nations • West tries to help but China just wants them gone • Refusing help weakens them more • Open door policy ends colonization but puts China at constant mercy of outsiders

48. Japanese respond quite differently • Copy the Best of the West • Japanese economy grew to modern Industrialized economy within 30 years • Railroads built throughout country • Coal production increased by over 21 times • Many factories built • Very little $ borrowed by U.S. and Europe to maintain independence • Japan copied BEST MILITARIES of the West • German Army • British Navy • So strong could defeat Russia (Russo-Japanese War-- 1904) • Able to renegotiate unfair treaties made with U.S in 1850’s • Began own imperial dominance

50. Road to wwI has begun ! • Each European country & Japan want to be an Empire • France insists it will take back Alsace & Lorraine and make Germany pay • SIX Great Powers (not just 5) • Germany & Great Britain– very strong • France– mildly strong • Russia & Austria-- weak