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Internet

Internet Economics

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Internet

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  1. Internet Economics:A Survey Networked Life CIS 112 Spring 2008 Prof. Michael Kearns

  2. Modern Networks are Economic Systems(whether we like it or not) • Highly decentralized and diverse • allocation of scarce resources; conflicting incentives • Disparate network administrators operate by local incentives • network growth; peering agreements and SLAs • Users may subvert/improvise for their own purposes • free-riding for shared resources • e.g. in peer-to-peer networks, local bandwidth • spam and DDoS as economic problems • Regulatory environments for networking technology • for privacy and security concerns in the Internet • need more “knobs” for society-technology interface

  3. What’s Under the Internet Hood:An Introduction

  4. The Internet: What is It? • A massive network of connected but decentralized computers • Began as experimental research NW of the DoD (ARPAnet) in the 70s • All aspects (protocols, services, HW, SW) evolved over many years • Many individuals and organizations contributed • Designed to be open, flexible, and general from the start • Completely unlike prior centralized, managed NWs • e.g. the AT&T telephone switching network

  5. Internet Basics • Can divide all computers on the Internet into two types: • computers and devices at the “edge” • your desktop and laptop machines • big compute servers like Eniac • your web-browsing cell phone, your Internet-enabled toaster, etc. • computers in the “core” • these are called routers • they are very fast and highly specialized; basically are big switches • Every machine has a (temporary) unique Internet (IP) address • IP = Internet Protocol • like phone numbers and physical addresses • IP addresses of “nearby” computers are often very similar • your IP address may vary with your location, but it’s still unique • IP addresses are how everything finds everything else! • Note: the Internet and the Web are not the same! • the Web is one of many services that run on the Internet

  6. Internet Packet Routing • At the lowest level, all data is transmitted as packets • small units of data with addressing and other important info • if you have large amounts of data to send (e.g. a web page with lots of graphics), it must be broken into many small packets • somebody will have to reassemble them at the other end • All routers do is receive and forward packets • forward packet to the “next” router on path to destination • they only forward to routers they are physically connected to • how do they know which neighboring router is “next”? • Routing tables: • giant look-up tables • for each possible IP address, indicates which router is “next” • e.g. route addresses of form 128.8.*.* to neighbor router A • route 128.7.2.* to neighbor router B, etc. • need to make use of subnet addressing (similar to zip codes) • distributed maintenance of table consistency is complex • must avoid (e.g.) cycles in routing • requires distributed communication/coordination among routers • Handy programs: traceroute, ping and nslookup

  7. The IP (Internet Protocol) • There are many conventions or protocols routers could use to address issues such as: • what to do if a router is down? • who worries about lost packets? • what if someone wants their packets to move faster? • However, they all use a single, simple protocol: IP • IP offers only one service: “best effort” packet delivery • with no guarantee of delivery • with no levels of service • with no notification of lost or delayed packets • knows nothing about the applications generating/receiving packets • this simplicity is its great strength: provides robustness and speed • Higher-level protocols are layered on top of IP: • TCP: for building connections, resending lost packets, etc. • http: for the sending and receiving of web pages • ssh: for remote access to edge computers • etc. etc. etc.

  8. Economic Thoughtson Internet Operations

  9. Commercial Relationships in Internet Routing • Customer-Provider • customer pays to send and receive traffic • provider transits traffic to the rest of Internet • Peer-peer • settlement free, under near-even traffic exchanges • transit traffic to and from their respective customers • These are existing economic realities • They create specific economic incentives that must co-exist with technology, routing protocols, etc. Sprint AT&T UUNET

  10. How to select peers? need to reach some other part of the Internet improve end-to-end customer performance avoid payments to upstream providers How to route the traffic? today: early-exit routing to use less bandwidth tomorrow: negotiate for lower total resource usage? Economic Incentives for Peering Customer B Provider B multiple peering points early-exit routing Provider A Customer A

  11. Case Study: Selfish Routing • Standard Internet routing: • route your traffic follows entirely determined by routing tables • out of your control • generally based on shortest paths, not current congestion! • Source routing: • you specify in the packet header the exact sequence of routers • better be a legitimate path! • in principle, can choose path to avoid congested routers • Source routing as a game: • traffic desiring to go from A to B (a flow) viewed as a player • number of players = number of flows (huge) • actions available to a flow: all the possible routes through the NW • number of actions = number of routes (huge) • penalty to a flow following a particular route: latency in delivery • rationality: if flow can get lower latency on a different route, it will! • For more detail let’s see T. Roughgarden’s excellent slides on the topic • Main Result: Under certain “reasonable assumptions”, the “Price of Anarchy” is at most 1/3 no matter how big or complex the network! • i.e. total latency at most 33% higher than under optimal, centralized (and impossible) planning

  12. Case Study: QoS • QoS = Quality of Service • many varying services and demands on the Internet • email: real-time delivery not critical • chat: near real-time delivery critical; low-bandwidth • voice over IP: real-time delivery critical; low-bandwidth • teleconferencing/streaming video: real-time critical; high-bandwidth • varying QoS guarantees required • email: not much more than IP required; must retransmit lost packets • chat/VoIP: two-way connection required • telecon/streaming: high-bandwidth two-way connections • Must somehow be built on top of IP • Whose going to pay for all of this? How much? • presumably companies offering the services • costs passed on to their customers • What should the protocols/mechanism look like? • There are many elaborate answers to these questions…

  13. QoS and the Paris Metro • Paris Metro (until recently) • two classes of service: first (expensive) and coach (cheaper) • exact same cars, speed, destinations, etc. • people pay for first class: • because it is less crowded • because the type of person willing/able to pay first class is there • etc. • self-regulating: • if too many people are in first class, it will be come less attractive • Andrew Odlyzko’s protocol for QoS: • divide the Internet into a small number of identical virtual NWs • simply charge different prices for each • an entirely economic solution • California toll roads

  14. Commercial Activity • BitTorrent • block-based file-sharing protocol • “pay” for download of further blocks by acting as upload server for past blocks • a self-contained currency; limits free-riding • 1000x faster than http • Economic approaches to spam and security • computational currency: HashCash • real currency: Goodmail, Bonded Sender

  15. “The Democratic Primary Game”NWLife Behavioral ExperimentsFriday, May 9, 6 PM

  16. Motivation • Imagine a (networked) population trying to collectively decide between two or more choices (candidates) • Often face tension between competing (implicit) goals: • individuals may have intrinsic preferences over candidates • majority or dominant underlying preference should “win” • but uniform consensus may be viewed as essential! • Current democratic primary: • a collective attempt to figure out which of Clinton and Obama is most preferred… • …but then rally unanimously around the winner against McCain • Different individuals may be influenced/exposed to the opinion of different others • thus giving rise to a network structure • Different individuals may have different strength of preferences

  17. Candidae Design Variables • Network structure • Distribution/strength of incentives • Number of choices/candidates • Presence/absence of “undecided” • …

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