What do you know about DNA?

1. What do you know about DNA? Starter: Think 

2. Mutations Learning Intentions: To know what a mutation is. To know that a mutation can cause an advantage, a disadvantage or be neutral. Success Criteria: Complete a summary showing examples of mutations.

3. What do you know about DNA? Starter: Think  Pair

4. What do you know about DNA?  Share

5. What is a genetic mutation? The X-men are described as mutants, why?

6. Mutations • A mutation is an unplanned, random change to the genetic code. • These changes can give the organism an advantage, a disadvantage or be neutral. • Twig on Glow: Mutations definition

7. Mutations We will look at some examples of mutations: • Peppered moths • Sickle cell anaemia • Bacteria mutations and antibiotic resistance • Albino mutations Do you know anything about any of these examples already?

8. Peppered Moths • Peppered Moths can be found in two colours- black and white forms.

9. In unpolluted areas, where lichen grows on trees. The white form are camouflaged. More of the black form are eaten by predators.

10. In polluted areas trees become blackened by soot and pollution. Lichen don’t grow. The black form are camouflaged. More white form are eaten by predators.

11. Sickle Cell Anaemia • Sickle Cell Anaemia is an inherited disease of the blood, which is the result of a mutation.

12. Sickle Cell Anaemia • People with this disease have sickle shaped red blood cells which reduces the amount of oxygen they can carry.

13. Sickle Cell Anaemia • In most populations it is rare to have Sickle Cell Anaemia but in some parts of Africa 40% of the population are sufferers. • This is because those with sickle cell have some resistance to malaria. This is because their “sickled” red blood cells carry fewer of the Plasmodium organisms that cause Malaria. So it is advantageous for some people to have the mutation. Sickle cell anaemia can be an advantage and a disadvantage to sufferers.

14. Sickle Cell Anaemia

15. Sickle cell anaemia can be an advantage and a disadvantage to sufferers. This is because it can provide protection against malaria but can also leave sufferers with lower blood oxygen levels.

16. Albino Mutations Meet Pinky, a bottlenose dolphin calf. Pinky was discovered in an inland lake in Louisiana, and has become such an attraction that conservationists have warned tourists to leave it alone. Pinky's colour comes from the fact that he is an albino, well demonstrated by his reddish eyes.

17. According to marine biologist Dagmar Fertl, this is only the fourteenth spotting anywhere in the world (the first coming in 1962). Biologists think that, in addition to the rarity of their birth, the scarcity of albino bottlenose dolphins might be due to their having poor eyesight, increased sensitivity to sunlight, and a coloration that provides poor camouflaging, factors which could significantly decrease their chances of reaching maturity, mating and passing on the albino gene.

18. The Amazon River Dolphin, • This is the largest of the freshwater dolphins, and like all freshwater dolphins it is endangered because of hunting, human pressures, and degradation of habitat. • Its most amazing characteristic is its colour, which ranges from a grey soft, rosy pink to a vivid, almost shocking pink.

19. Bacteria resistance to disease • Can you remember what a bacteria cell looks like? • In pairs try to draw it on a show me board. • Can you label it?

20. How antibiotics work. • Antibiotics work in a variety of ways to destroy the bacteria. • E.g penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall. • Streptomycin inhibits protein production.

21. Antibiotic Research Challenge Homework task due in one week Your task is to produce an A3 poster presentation on antibiotic resistance: You must include… • Who discovered the first antibiotic, when and how was this discovery made. • How antibiotics work. • The names of three antibiotics and the diseases they treat. Include the signs and symptoms of these diseases. • What is meant by the term “antibiotic resistance”. Name at least two diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Include the signs and symptoms of these diseases. You could include… • A description of the problems caused by having too many bacteria resistant to antibiotics. A description of how world organisations are planning to tackle this problem.

22. Bacteria Resistant to Antibiotics You must complete… Resistant bacteria activity and worksheet. You should complete… Watch the following clip, make notes and discuss: BBC Learning Zone Class Clip: The future of antibiotics You could complete… Read and discuss the following news articles: BBC News story: antibiotic resistance Daily Mail news article about 'superbugs'

23. Extension task: Literacy Attack of the hyperbugs: Read the Daily Mail news article from the last task and answer the following questions: • How many patient deaths are caused by drug resistant bacteria? • Who is warning that we must take action against these super bugs? • In your own words describe how bacteria become resistant to drugs. • Why are those already in hospital at high risk? • Pick one resistant bacteria, describe where its found and how it spreads. • How are organisations planning to reduce deaths due to resistant antibiotics? What countries and organisations should be involved? • Do you think the Daily Mail is a good source? Where did they get their information from- is this a valid source? http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2012905/Attack-hyperbugs-Weve-superbugs-strains-resilient-drugs-kill-them.html

24. Mutations Summary

25. Mutations Learning Intentions: To know what a mutation is. To know that a mutation can cause an advantage, a disadvantage or be neutral. Success Criteria: Complete a summary showing examples of mutations.

26. Starter: Can you explain one example of a mutation to your partner? Extra:Can you explain if your example is neutral, advantageous or disadvantageous?

27. Mutations Learning Intentions: To know that mutations are spontaneous and are the only source of new alleles. To know environmental factors which can increase the rate of mutations. Success Criteria: Complete a report on mutations and mutagenic agents.

28. What causes genetic mutations?

29. Mutagenic agents • Mutations are spontaneous and are the only way new alleles can be created. • Environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals, can increase the rate of mutation.

30. IDL: Physics Radiation

31. Radiation • Radiation can increase the rates on mutation. • X-rays and gamma rays are known to be harmful and increase the risk of mutation.

32. First women to win Nobel Prize. Only person to win Nobel Prizes for more than one science (Physics and Chemistry). Marie Curie

33. She died in 1934 from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation.[ She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket and stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the “faint light” that the substances gave off in the dark. Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses (including near blindness due to cataracts) and ultimately her death, she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure.

34. Radiation risks Clip about deaths of researchers at Manchester University from back ground radiation: • http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/was-radiation-responsible-for-nuclear-scientists-deaths/5970.html Radiation from solar flares: • http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-effects-of-space-travel-on-humans/9836.html

35. Chemical Exposure • Exposure to certain chemicals can increase the risk of mutations. • Some chemicals change or damage the DNA of a cell, which can increase the frequency of mutations. • Many mutations cause cancer and these chemicals are called carcinogens.

36. Common carcinogens. Inhaled asbestos. • Tobacco smoke.

37. Mutations Report • You must include: • A description of what a mutation is. • A description of two types of mutagenic agent (giving specific names of chemicals or radiation). • A description of how people or animals can become exposed to these dangers. You should include: • An example of a mutation cause by a mutagenic agent. • Explain if the mutation is neutral, advantageous or disadvantageous to the organism. You could include: • A description of how governments limit the risks of people being exposed to mutagenic agents. • A full list of references. You can create a leaflet, report or power point presentation.

38. Mutations Learning Intentions: To know that mutations are spontaneous and are the only source of new alleles. To know environmental factors which can increase the rate of mutations. Success Criteria: Complete a report on mutations and mutagenic agents.

39. Interactive website http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/genome/dna5.cfm?age=Age Range 14-16&subject=Biology