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PRESENTATION ON FREQUENCY CONTROL AND

PRESENTATION ON FREQUENCY CONTROL AND FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION TO THE OFFICERS OF CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY On 4 th April, 2005. by V.K. Agrawal SRLDC, Bangalore. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW. REGIONAL GRIDS – QUICK FACTS GRID OPERATION – TYPICAL ISSUES IN THE PAST

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PRESENTATION ON FREQUENCY CONTROL AND

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  1. PRESENTATION ON FREQUENCY CONTROL AND FREE GOVERNOR OPERATIONTO THE OFFICERS OFCENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY On 4th April, 2005 by V.K. Agrawal SRLDC, Bangalore

  2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW • REGIONAL GRIDS – QUICK FACTS • GRID OPERATION – TYPICAL ISSUES IN THE PAST • GRID PRESENT STATUS – CARDINAL EVENTS • FGMO – STIPULATIONS IN IEGC • FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION – THE BASICS • FGMO – CASE STUDIES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS • ISSUES OF FURTHER INTEREST – ACTION PLAN

  3. REGIONAL GRIDSQUICK FACTS

  4. REGIONAL GRIDS INSTALLED CAPACITY NORTHERN :- 31,230 MW EASTERN :- 17,697 MW SOUTHERN :- 31,931 MW WESTERN :- 32,354 MW NORTH-EASTERN :- 2,357 MW TOTAL 115,569 MW NORTHERN REGION NORTH-EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION WESTERNREGION SOUTHERN REGION

  5. ‘ ELECTRICAL’ REGIONS 1 NORTHERN REGION NORTH-EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION 2 WESTERNREGION 3 SOUTHERN REGION SAME FREQUENCY FROM GUJARAT TO ARUNACHAL PRADESH WITH EFFECT FROM MARCH 2003 ABOUT 2800 KMS! APART

  6. ‘ELECTRICAL’ REGIONS NORTHERN REGION 1 NORTH-EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION WESTERNREGION 2 SOUTHERN REGION WITH THE COMMISSIONING OF THE TALA PROJECT CONNECTING THE EASTERN AND NORTHERN GRIDS, INDIA WILL HAVE ONLY TWO GRIDS

  7. Growth of installed capacity for electricity in India

  8. Power development - 16th EPS projections : Peak requirement in MW Energy requirement in BU

  9. Sourcewise composition of installed capacity in India(1,15,569 in 2004)

  10. TYPICAL LOAD CURVE OF SR EVENING PEAK SUMMER WINTER MONSOON WEATHER RESERVOIR CONSUMPTION SECTOR-WISE HYDRO THERMAL

  11. ER

  12. GRID OPERATIONTYPICAL ISSUES IN THE PAST

  13. GRID OPERATION – TYPICAL ISSUES IN PAST • LOW / HIGH FREQUENCY PROBLEMS • FREQUENCY EXCURSES TO LOW/HIGH VALUES • LOW / HIGH VOLTAGE OPERATION • CRITICALLY LOW VOLTAGES AT LOAD CENTRES • SUBSTANTIALLY HIGH VOLTAGES AT FAR ENDS • SYSTEM BROWNOUTS / BLACK OUTS • SEPERATION OF SYSTEMS / LOSS OF LOAD • ECONOMIC IN-STABILITY / INCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSES • UNRELIABLE / INEFFICIENT OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT ...THE END RESULT :

  14. GRID PRESENT STATUS

  15. GRID OPERATION –PRESENT STATUS • STABILISED SYSTEM FREQUENCY • IMPROVED VOLTAGES • MERIT ORDER OPERATION • OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE • INTER REGIONAL EXCHANGES • IMPROVED GRID SECURITY JAN - 02 JAN - 03 Vol

  16. GRID PRESENT STATUSCARDINAL EVENTS

  17. GRID PRESENT STATUS -- CARDINAL EVENTS • AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF • UNIFIED LOAD DESPATCH SCHEME • GENERATION ADDITION • INTERREGIONAL AC / HVDC LINKS • REFORMS IN POWER SECTOR SCHD DRWL ...THESE EVENTS CHANGED THE FACE OF GRID OPERATION

  18. FGMOSTIPULATIONS IN IEGC

  19. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE Section 6.2(e) “ All generating units which are synchronized with the grid, irrespective of their ownership, type and size, shall have their governors in normal operation at all times. If any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North Eastern region) is required to be operated without its governor in normal operation, the RLDC shall be immediately advised about the reason and duration of such operation. All governors shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%.”

  20. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE Section 6.2(f) “Facilities available with/in load limiters, Automatic Turbine Run up System (ATRS), Turbine Supervisory control, coordinated control system, etc. shall not be used to suppress the normal governor action in any manner. No dead bands and/or time delays shall be deliberately introduced.”

  21. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE Section 6.2(g) “All generating units, operating at/up to 100% of their Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) shall normally be capable of (and shall not in any way be prevented from) instantaneously picking up five percent (5%) extra load for at least five (5) minutes or within technical limits prescribed by the manufacturer when frequency falls due to a system contingency. The generating units operating at above 100% of their MCR shall be capable of (and shall not be prevented from) going at least up to 105% of their MCR when frequency falls suddenly.” “Any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10MW for NER) not complying with the above requirement, shall be kept in operation (synchronized with the grid) only after obtaining the permission of RLDC.

  22. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE Section 6.2(h) “The recommended rate for changing the governor setting, i.e. supplementary control for increasing or decreasing the output (generation level) for all generating units, irrespective of their type and size, would be one(1.0) percent per minute or as per manufacturer’s limits. However if the frequency falls below 49.5 Hz, all partly loaded generating units shall pick up additional load at a faster rate according to their capability.”

  23. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE Section 1.6 The dates from which the stipulations under sections 4.8(c), 4.8(d), 6.2(e), 6.2(f), 6.2(g) and 6.2(h) would come into effect shall be the date for implementation of the Commercial mechanism for • All generating units of installed capacity 200 MW and above and reservoir based hydro units of installed capacity 50 MW and above in SR, ER, NR & WR. • All thermal and reservoir based hydro generating units of installed capacity 10 MW and above in North Eastern Region.

  24. EXTRACTS FROM INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE Section 1.6 (contd.) For all other generating units the date of implementation of stipulations under section 4.8(c), 4.8(d), 6.2(e), 6.2(f), 6.2(g) and 6.2(h) would be three months after the date of implementation of the Commercial mechanism (ABT)

  25. FREE GOVERNOR OPERATIONTHE BASICS

  26. VARIATION IN FREQUENCY • Sudden addition of load causes a drop in frequency. • An increased load is supplied through an increase in the load angle by which the rotor lags the stator field. • It means a loss of Kinetic Energy of the rotating M/c and a slower speed of rotation i.e. a lower frequency. f = (P/2) X (N/60) Where f = frequency of the system P = no of poles of the M/c. N = rpm of the M/c.

  27. PRIMARY CONTROLSTO REGULATE FREQUENCY • Relief by frequency dependent load • Free Governor Operation • Under Frequency Operation

  28. GOVERNOR • Speed governor is the controlling mechanism which controls the input to the prime mover automatically when there is a change in system speed (frequency) • When there is a change in speed (frequency), governor responses by causing valves/gates to open/close to increase/decrease the input to the prime mover • The notion that Governor attempts to restore frequency to normal is a misconception. In reality, Governors attempts to restore load generation balance, using frequency change as a signal.

  29. PRIMARY CONTROL - GOVERNOR ACTION Primary control involves the action of turbine speed governors in generating units, which will respond where the speed (frequency) deviates from the speed (frequency) set point as a result of an imbalance between generation and demand in the synchronously interconnected network as a whole. Technical solidarity between members will involve the simultaneous action of primary control on all generating units involved in system control.

  30. DROOP • Droop is the amount of speed (or frequency) change that is necessary to cause the main prime mover control mechanism to move from fully closed to fully open. • Normal range - 3 to 5%

  31. FREQUENCY VS LOAD CURVE Load in % 100% Droop = 5% 50% Frequency in Hz 0% 52.5 Hz 50 Hz 51.25 Hz

  32. 400 300 200 160 120 100 80 40

  33. GOVERNING SYSTEM • Hydraulic system has a droop of 5% • Electro-hydraulic system has a droop adjustable from 2.5 to 8%. It is normally set at 5% • In ehtc, droop characteristics is realised through frequency influence on load controller • Frequency influence also acts in cmc for combustion controls

  34. BLOCKED GOVERNOR Blocking of governor is bypassing the governing feedback mechanism to maintain fixed generator output.

  35. FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION CASE STUDY FOR NORTHERN REGION

  36. EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES OF NREB BOARD MEETING HELD AT SHIMLA ON 14th JUNE 2003 “Northern Regional Electricity Board endorsed the decision of Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) to implement free governor mode of operation (FGMO) from 0000 hrs of 1st Oct, 2003”

  37. UNIT SIZE & GOVERNING SYSTEM

  38. COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY PROFILE FGMO

  39. FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION CASE STUDY FOR SOUTHERN REGION

  40. EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES OF 132nd SREB BOARD MEETING HELD ON ON 5th JULY 2003 The free governor mode of operation (FGMO) shall be implemented in SR from 0000 hrs of 1st Aug. 2003

  41. DETAILS OF GENERATING UNITS IDENTIFIED FOR FGMO IN SOUTHERN REGIONTHERMAL STATIONS

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