2 nd Semester Review Sheet Answers

1. 2nd Semester Review Sheet Answers

2. EXPLORATION • first European to reach the Americas • India by sailing around Africa • opened up a school for explorers and funded exploration • god, gold, and glory • devastated Indigenous populations

3. Cheap labor, fuel and support trade • demand for slaves increases, Africans are property not people, racism • Hernando Cortes • Francisco Pizarro • Spanish Soldier/Conqueror • new inventions that enabled Europeans to explore

4. it divided Latin America between Spain & Portugal • exchange of goods, people & ideas between the new and old world

5. SCIENCE & ENLIGHTENMENT • Rule by King or Queen • Magna Carta • King John – 1215 • when people give up their rights in order to be protected by government – Hobbes • natures god, set the clock in motion and then left it alone • Montesquieu

6. Movement in which thinkers applied reason, logic, and science • Earth versus Sun centered universe • Observation and logic versus hope and faith • procedure for collecting data using experimentation and observations to test a hypothesis – Bacon

7. list… • Voltaire: tolerance, reason, religious freedom and freedom of speech • Rousseau: social contract and direct democracy • Locke: natural rights; life, liberty, and property • Hobbes: similar to Rousseau • Wollstonecraft: women’s rights • Heliocentric theory – house arrest • Heliocentric theory

8. POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS • American • King Louis XVI • the social & political system • Guillotine

9. “enemies of the Revolution” • When Robespierre ruled and killed as many as 40,000 using the guillotine • first act by the people against the government as they stole guns and ammunition from the old prison • where Napoleon lost a major battle and then control of France • established peace then restored the monarchy in France • code of laws written by Napoleon

10. extreme pride in ones country or nation • to quickly capture political power • when Napoleon seized power for a short while after being exiled • the leader of the Reign of Terror • to be banned from the country • peace, security, stability and inspired change everywhere • a white person born in Spanish America • general of the Latin America Revolution • Priest and leader of Mexico’s independence movement

11. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • form unions and strike • abundant resources & stable economy • Middle Class: skilled workers and wealthy farmers • poor working conditions, long hours, little pay • urbanization, child labor, pollution • the growth of cities • two jobs: factories and home

12. all means of production are controlled and distributed by the government • Karl Marx • a free market economy with a limited government that protects private property • Adam Smith • man made to machine made goods, increased production • millions sought opportunities in the growing cities • oppressive conditions at extremely low wages

13. IMPERIALISM • imperialism • it modernized and westernized on its own • failed Indian revolt against British rule • U.S. policy in 1899, in which China was forced to free trade with the West • Chinese farmer/peasant revolt against the West that led to an Open Door Policy • China’s war waged on drugs (opium) being imported by British merchants • a meeting between European nations to decide how to divide up Africa

14. Darwin’s theory, “survival of the fittest”, used as excuse for racism by white Europeans towards all other races • god, gold and glory • apartheid • Europe END DAY I

15. DAY II WWI • MANIA: • Militarism • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand • trench warfare • A war of attrition, no advances as both sides suffer more casualties and loss of resources • His assassination sparked the war • promoting extreme nationalism through a strong military

16. Alliances: • Allies: Britain, France, Russia, then US • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire • Germany’s policy of destroying any ships around Britain • Sinking of the Lusitania, unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram • Germany was fighting both Russia and France at the same time, East and West • Lenin • Treaty of Versailles • Russia

17. Tank, poison gas, machine gun, airplanes, submarines • international peace keeping organization; no; US • Germany had to accept full blame for starting WWI • the cost of damages caused by war • League of Nations

18. BETWEEN THE WARS AND WWII • political philosophy that practices extreme nationalism and totalitarianism • German fascism • policy of remaining isolated, US position prior to and at the start of WWII • information that is bias and promotes or endorses a particular point of view • appeasement • peace agreement between Germany and Russia that included dividing up Poland • Germany’s invasion of Poland

19. Alliances: • Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan • Allied: Great Britain, Soviet Union, US • Hitler • Mussolini • Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman • Stalin • Manchuria and China • Pearl Harbor • Winston Churchill

20. Largest air, land and sea invasion to take back France from Germany through Normandy on June 6, 1944 • to end the war quickly, save American lives, intimidate the Soviet Union • Holocaust • communist, gypsies, gays and lesbians, and those who openly opposed the Nazis • to kill all Jews – the holocaust • genocide • Truman

21. COLD WAR • Soviet Union (Russia) • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Eastern • An extension of the Truman Doctrine; aid to rebuild torn democracies • line between communist and capitalist nations in Europe • physical wall that separated communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin • US, Britain and France flew food and supplies to West Berlin

22. US policy of rebuilding democracies • theory that communism would spread if we did not contain it in Asia • the US and Soviet Union competed to have the most nuclear weapons • US policy to stop communism from spreading • US threat to go to war with the Soviet Union if they did not remove missiles from Cuba • Gorbachev • stop the spread of communism

23. Symbolized the fall of communism in Eastern Europe—November 1989 • Gorbachev’s economic reforms, repression of speech and press, competition with the US • openness; Gorbachev; Soviet Union • choice and competition; Gorbachev; Soviet Union • leader of communist China

24. CONETMPORARY WORLD • deforestation, pollution, climate change, desertification • economic growth that does not destroy the environment • to defeat terrorism and find Osama bin Laden • believed Iraq was creating weapons of mass destruction • it invaded Kuwait • North American Free Trade Agreement, remove tariffs • al Qaeda • Israel • border disputes on the West Bank, terrorism, control over Jerusalem

25. Jerusalem—important religious sites—both sides want it as their capital • US policy overseas, religious radicals, land and power • Companies that operate internationally- McDonalds, Walmart, Ford • open trade and free markets throughout the world- negative and positive effects deal with culture, environment and money • to spread and share culture, pros and cons language, religion, foods, customs, etc… • International peace keeping organization established after WWII • Hutu militias killed nearly a million Tutsi’s in Rwanda END DAY II READ, REVIEW, PRACTICE AND REPEAT!